Dynamical Isometry is Achieved in Residual Networks in a Universal Way for any Activation Function

M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics and Mark Kac Complex Systems Research Center, Jagiellonian University, PL-30-348 Kraków, Poland (Dated: September 25, 2018) We demonstrate that in residual neural networks (ResNets) dynamical isometry is achievable irrespectively of the activation function used. We do that by deriving, with the help of Free Probability and Random Matrix Theories, a universal formula for the spectral density of the input-output Jacobian at initialization, in the large network width and depth limit. The resulting singular value spectrum depends on a single parameter, which we calculate for a variety of popular activation functions, by analyzing the signal propagation in the artificial neural network. We corroborate our results with numerical simulations of both random matrices and ResNets applied to the CIFAR-10 classification problem. Moreover, we study the consequence of this universal behavior for the initial and late phases of the learning processes. We conclude by drawing attention to the simple fact, that initialization acts as a confounding factor between the choice of activation function and the rate of learning. We propose that in ResNets this can be resolved based on our results, by ensuring the same level of dynamical isometry at initialization. Deep Learning has achieved unparalleled success in fields such as object detection and recognition, language translation and speech recognition [2].