In Hart, J. and Takasu, S. (Eds.), Systems and Computer Science. University of Toronto Press

A recognition algorithm is exhibited whereby an arbitrary string over a given vocabulary can be tested for containment in a given context-free language. A special merit of this algorithm is that it is completed in a number of steps proportional to the “cube” of the number of symbols in the tested string. As a byproduct of the grammatical analysis, required by the recognition algorithm, one can obtain, by some additional processing not exceeding the “cube” factor of computational complexity, a parsing matrix—a complete summary of the grammatical structure of the sentence. It is also shown how, by means of a minor modification of the recognition algorithm, one can obtain an integer representing the ambiguity of the sentence, i.e., the number of distinct ways in which that sentence can be generated by the grammar. The recognition algorithm is then simulated on a Turing Machine.

The fundamental texts of the great classical period in modern logic, some of them never before available in English translation, are here gathered together for the first time. Modern logic, heralded by Leibniz, may be said to have been initiated by Boole, De Morgan, and Jevons, but it was the publication in 1879 of Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift that opened a great epoch in the history of logic by presenting, in full-fledged form, the propositional calculus and quantification theory. Frege's book, translated in its entirety, begins the present volume. The emergence of two new fields, set theory and foundations of mathematics, on the borders of logic, mathematics, and philosophy, is depicted by the texts that follow. Peano and Dedekind illustrate the trend that led to Principia Mathematica.

Since mid-November 1966 a chess program has been under development at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of Project MAC at M.I.T. This paper describes the state of the program as of August 1967 and gives some of the details of the heuristics and algorithms employed.

A series of computer programs have been written to play the board game Go-Moku. Go-Moku is played on a 19 x 19 square mesh. Player b(w) has a supply of black (white) pieces. The players take it in turns to play a piece on a mesh point. The winner is the first player to complete a 5-pattern, that is, to make up a (horizontal, vertical or diagonal) line of five and only five adjacent pieces of his colour.

The formulation of the resolution principle by J. A. Robinson (1965a) has provided the impetus for a number of recent efforts in automatic theoremproving. These programs have generated proofs of some interesting propositions of number theory, in addition to theorems of first-order functional logic and group theory. A'literal' is an n-place predicate expression or its negation F(xi, x2,.-.., x) F(xi, x2,., x „) whose arguments are individual variables, individual constants, or functional expressions. Quantifiers do not occur in these formulae, since existentially quantified variables have been replaced by functions of universally quantified ones, and the remaining variables may therefore be taken as universally quantified. For example, the number-theoretic proposition'For all x and y, if x is a divisor of y then there exists some z such that x times z equals y' may be symbolised as D(x, y)v T(x, f(x, y), y) in which D(x, y)' stands for x is a divisor of y' and 7(x, y, z)' stands for'x times y equals z'.

Lisp, etc.) are designed for off-line use. With the above examples in mind, certain principles seem obvious. The online user can make best use of such a system by building up complex entities in small units. For example, when calculating a large expression, it is better to work out parts of it and store these parts in variables, rather than try to do the whole thing at once. In the above examples pop-1 has appeared as a language with a fixed vocabulary.

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A new signature table technique is described together with an improved book learning procedure which is thought to be much superior to the linear polynomial method described earlier. Full use is made of the so called “alpha-beta” pruning and several forms of forward pruning to restrict the spread of the move tree and to permit the program to look ahead to a much greater depth than it other- wise could do. While still unable to outplay checker masters, the program’s playing ability has been greatly improved.See also:IEEE XploreAnnual Review in Automatic Programming, Volume 6, Part 1, 1969, Pages 1–36Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of CheckersIBM J of Research and Development ll, No.6, 1967,601

PhD. dissertation, Harvard University, August 1967. Reprinted as a volume in the series Outstanding Dissertations in the Computer Sciences, New York: Garland Publishing, 1979