J (Q)= E E[ (Q(s, a) Es0 P( |s,a)V (s0))] (1 )E 0[V (s0)], (9) withV (s) = log P aexpQ(s, a).

These techniques mainly fall in one of two categories: value-based methods [e.g.,

These tasks typically require substantial exploration and diversified strategies amongagents.

The concept of information structure is also fundamental to studying the phenomenon ofpartial observability.

In reinforcement learning (RL), it is common to learn a single policy that fits an environment.