Drug-drug interactions are preventable causes of medical injuries and often result in doctor and emergency room visits. Computational techniques can be used to predict potential drug-drug interactions. We approach the drug-drug interaction prediction problem as a link prediction problem and present two novel methods for drug-drug interaction prediction based on artificial neural networks and factor propagation over graph nodes: adjacency matrix factorization (AMF) and adjacency matrix factorization with propagation (AMFP). We conduct a retrospective analysis by training our models on a previous release of the DrugBank database with 1,141 drugs and 45,296 drug-drug interactions and evaluate the results on a later version of DrugBank with 1,440 drugs and 248,146 drug-drug interactions. Additionally, we perform a holdout analysis using DrugBank. We report an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score of 0.807 and 0.990 for the retrospective and holdout analyses respectively. Finally, we create an ensemble-based classifier using AMF, AMFP, and existing link prediction methods and obtain an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.814 and 0.991 for the retrospective and the holdout analyses. We demonstrate that AMF and AMFP provide state of the art results compared to existing methods and that the ensemble-based classifier improves the performance by combining various predictors. These results suggest that AMF, AMFP, and the proposed ensemble-based classifier can provide important information during drug development and regarding drug prescription given only partial or noisy data. These methods can also be used to solve other link prediction problems. Drug embeddings (compressed representations) created when training our models using the interaction network have been made public.

Machine learning systems, if not constrained, will compounding existing challenges to fairness in society often learn the simplest associations that can predict the labels, so at large. In this paper, we introduce a suite of threshold-agnostic any incorrect associations present in the training data can produce metrics that provide a nuanced view of this unintended bias, by unintended associations in the final model. Toxicity models specifically considering the various ways that a classifier's score distribution have been shown to capture and reproduce biases common can vary across designated groups. We also introduce a large new in society, for example mis-associating the names of frequently test set of online comments with crowd-sourced annotations for attacked identity groups (such as "gay", and "muslim" etc.) with identity references. We use this to show how our metrics can be toxicity [5, 17]. This unintended model bias could be due to the used to find new and potentially subtle unintended bias in existing demographic composition of the online user pool, the latent or public models.

Rehabilitation training is the primary intervention to improve motor recovery after stroke, but a tool to measure functional training does not currently exist. To bridge this gap, we previously developed an approach to classify functional movement primitives using wearable sensors and a machine learning (ML) algorithm. We found that this approach had encouraging classification performance but had computational and practical limitations, such as training time, sensor cost, and magnetic drift. Here, we sought to refine this approach and determine the algorithm, sensor configurations, and data requirements needed to maximize computational and practical performance. Motion data had been previously collected from 6 stroke patients wearing 11 inertial measurement units (IMUs) as they moved objects on a target array. To identify optimal ML performance, we evaluated 4 algorithms that are commonly used in activity recognition (linear discriminant analysis (LDA), na\"ive Bayes, support vector machine, and k-nearest neighbors). We compared their classification accuracy, computational complexity, and tuning requirements. To identify optimal sensor configuration, we progressively sampled fewer sensors and compared classification accuracy. To identify optimal data requirements, we compared accuracy using data from IMUs versus accelerometers. We found that LDA had the highest classification accuracy (92%) of the algorithms tested. It also was the most pragmatic, with low training and testing times and modest tuning requirements. We found that 7 sensors on the paretic arm and back resulted in the best accuracy. Using this array, accelerometers had a lower accuracy (84%). We refined strategies to accurately and pragmatically quantify functional movement primitives in stroke patients. We propose that this optimized ML-sensor approach could be a means to quantify training dose after stroke.

We present a non-parametric prognostic framework for individualized event prediction based on joint modeling of both longitudinal and time-to-event data. Our approach exploits a multivariate Gaussian convolution process (MGCP) to model the evolution of longitudinal signals and a Cox model to map time-to-event data with longitudinal data modeled through the MGCP. Taking advantage of the unique structure imposed by convolved processes, we provide a variational inference framework to simultaneously estimate parameters in the joint MGCP-Cox model. This significantly reduces computational complexity and safeguards against model overfitting. Experiments on synthetic and real world data show that the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the art approaches built on two-stage inference and strong parametric assumptions.

This paper presents a spatiotemporal unsupervised feature learning method for cause identification of electromagnetic transient events (EMTE) in power grids. The proposed method is formulated based on the availability of time-synchronized high-frequency measurement, and using the convolutional neural network (CNN) as the spatiotemporal feature representation along with softmax function. Despite the existing threshold-based, or energy-based events analysis methods, such as support vector machine (SVM), autoencoder, and tapered multi-layer perception (t-MLP) neural network, the proposed feature learning is carried out with respect to both time and space. The effectiveness of the proposed feature learning and the subsequent cause identification is validated through the EMTP simulation of different events such as line energization, capacitor bank energization, lightning, fault, and high-impedance fault in the IEEE 30-bus, and the real-time digital simulation (RTDS) of the WSCC 9-bus system.

For effective recognition, we developed a recognition component, combining kinematic vessel streams with library of maritime patterns in close collaboration with domain contextual (geographical) knowledge for real-time vessel activity experts. We present a thorough evaluation of the system and the detection. To improve the accuracy of the system, we collaborated, patterns both in terms of predictive accuracy and computational in the context of this paper, with domain experts in order to construct efficiency, using real-world datasets of vessel position streams and effective patterns of maritime activity. Thus, we present a contextual geographical information.

Ontology learning is a critical task in industry, dealing with identifying and extracting concepts captured in text data such that these concepts can be used in different tasks, e.g. information retrieval. Ontology learning is non-trivial due to several reasons with limited amount of prior research work that automatically learns a domain specific ontology from data. In our work, we propose a two-stage classification system to automatically learn an ontology from unstructured text data. We first collect candidate concepts, which are classified into concepts and irrelevant collocates by our first classifier. The concepts from the first classifier are further classified by the second classifier into different concept types. The proposed system is deployed as a prototype at a company and its performance is validated by using complaint and repair verbatim data collected in automotive industry from different data sources.

We describe an efficient implementation of clause guidance in saturation-based automated theorem provers extending the ENIGMA approach. Unlike in the first ENIGMA implementation where fast linear classifier is trained and used together with manually engineered features, we have started to experiment with more sophisticated state-of-the-art machine learning methods such as gradient boosted trees and recursive neural networks. In particular the latter approach poses challenges in terms of efficiency of clause evaluation, however, we show that deep integration of the neural evaluation with the ATP data-structures can largely amortize this cost and lead to competitive real-time results. Both methods are evaluated on a large dataset of theorem proving problems and compared with the previous approaches. The resulting methods improve on the manually designed clause guidance, providing the first practically convincing application of gradient-boosted and neural clause guidance in saturation-style automated theorem provers.

Anomaly detection algorithms are often thought to be limited because they don't facilitate the process of validating results performed by domain experts. In Contrast, deep learning algorithms for anomaly detection, such as autoencoders, point out the outliers, saving experts the time-consuming task of examining normal cases in order to find anomalies. Most outlier detection algorithms output a score for each instance in the database. The top-k most intense outliers are returned to the user for further inspection; however the manual validation of results becomes challenging without additional clues. An explanation of why an instance is anomalous enables the experts to focus their investigation on most important anomalies and may increase their trust in the algorithm. Recently, a game theory-based framework known as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) has been shown to be effective in explaining various supervised learning models. In this research, we extend SHAP to explain anomalies detected by an autoencoder, an unsupervised model. The proposed method extracts and visually depicts both the features that most contributed to the anomaly and those that offset it. A preliminary experimental study using real world data demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed method in assisting the domain experts to understand the anomaly and filtering out the uninteresting anomalies, aiming at minimizing the false positive rate of detected anomalies.

With the advent of smartphone indirect ophthalmoscopy, teleophthalmology - the use of specialist ophthalmology assets at a distance from the patient - has experienced a breakthrough, promising enormous benefits especially for healthcare in distant, inaccessible or opthalmologically underserved areas, where specialists are either unavailable or too few in number. However, accurate teleophthalmology requires high-quality ophthalmoscopic imagery. This paper considers three feature families - statistical metrics, gradient-based metrics and wavelet transform coefficient derived indicators - as possible metrics to identify unsharp or blurry images. By using standard machine learning techniques, the suitability of these features for image quality assessment is confirmed, albeit on a rather small data set. With the increased availability and decreasing cost of digital ophthalmoscopy on one hand and the increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy worldwide on the other, creating tools that can determine whether an image is likely to be diagnostically suitable can play a significant role in accelerating and streamlining the teleophthalmology process. This paper highlights the need for more research in this area, including the compilation of a diverse database of ophthalmoscopic imagery, annotated with quality markers, to train the Point of Acquisition error detection algorithms of the future.