Traditional case-based classification methods are based on feature similarity. In contrast, class-to-class (C2C) weighting also considers whether the difference between two cases has been seen before. Combined with instance-specific weighting, C2C weighting learns the local patterns of both similarities and differences (shortened as patterns). Once C2C weightings has learned the pattern between case A of class C_1 and some set of cases R of class C_2, given a query Q whose difference from A matches the pattern between A and R, then we can skip cases around A and continue the search for near neighbors around R. Based on this, we developed an algorithm, C2C trace retrieval, which quickly traverses promising cases, retrieves relevant cases from different classes, and provides an informed hypothesis of the query's class. C2C trace retrieval achieves great efficiency at a reasonable cost of accuracy. Therefore, C2C trace retrieval can be used as a fast classification method or as the first pass for a more sophisticated method.

Case-Based Reasoning relies on the underlying hypothesis that similar problems have similar solutions. The extent to which this hypothesis holds good in the case base has been used by CBR designers as a measure of case base complexity, which in turn gives insights on the generalization ability of the reasoner. Several local and global complexity measures have been proposed in the literature. However, the existing measures rely only on the similarity knowledge to compute complexity. We propose a new complexity measure called Reachability-Based Complexity Measure (RBCM) that goes beyond the similarity knowledge to include the effects of all knowledge containers in the reasoner. The proposed measure is evaluated on several real-world datasets and results suggest that RBCM corroborates well with the generalization accuracy of the reasoner.

In the field of argumentation, the vision of robust argumentation machines is investigated. They explore natural language arguments from available information sources on the web and reason with them on the knowledge level to actively support the deliberation and synthesis of arguments for a particular query of a user. We aim at combining methods from case-based reasoning (CBR), information retrieval, and computational argumentation to contribute to the foundations of such argumentation machines. In this paper, we focus on the retrieval phase of a CBR approach for an argumentation machine and propose similarity measures for arguments represented as argument graphs. We evaluate the similarity measures on a corpus of annotated micro texts containing different topics and demonstrate the benefit of semantic similarity measures as well as the relevance of structural aspects.

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BPO stands for "business process outsourcing." In short, it's a business practice we see implemented when an organization decides to outsource activities like payroll, human resources, billing and customer service. The best example of this is customer service because we all have experienced speaking with someone from a different country when we've called a bank or had an issue with a credit card and needed it resolved. We will not spend any more time discussing BPO, but our technology conversation in this article will be focused on improving customer service. Now, recall an incident when you called your credit card company.

IBM Watson Health is tapering off its Drug Discovery program, which uses "AI" software to help companies develop new pharmaceuticals, blaming poor sales. IBM spokesperson Ed Barbini told The Register: "We are not discontinuing our Watson for Drug Discovery offering, and we remain committed to its continued success for our clients currently using the technology. We are focusing our resources within Watson Health to double down on the adjacent field of clinical development where we see an even greater market need for our data and AI capabilities." In other words, it appears the product won't be sold to any new customers, however, organizations that want to continue using the system will still be supported. When we pressed Big Blue's spinners to clarify this, they tried to downplay the situation using these presumably Watson neural-network-generated words: The offering is staying on the market, and we'll work with clients who want to team with IBM in this area.

Machine learning takes artificial intelligence (AI) to the next level by allowing a system to learn without prior programming. Now, restaurants are starting to benefit from this technology. Simon Bocca, COO at Fourth, shared how his company is using machine learning. Fourth recently announced its end-to-end restaurant and hospitality platform and services. The company provides an all-in-one solution for purchase-to-pay, inventory and workforce management with advanced demand forecasting, predictive analytics and collaboration tools.

Golf fans who are planning to watch the Masters this weekend will have yet more ways to check out the action. For the first time at a golf tournament, practically every one of the more than 20,000 shots from the first major of the year will be available to view on the Masters website and app within five minutes of a player striking the ball. While these videos won't be live, you'll essentially be able to watch full rounds from the likes of Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy and Jordan Speith without such trivial matters as watching them walk between shots. There is a caveat in that cameras might not capture shots in some instances, such as those from unusual lies, or if a group's tee shots end up in wildly different spots. The Masters attracts sports aficionados who might not typically watch golf as well as devotees, so it's a high-profile way to debut this technology after a few years of development. It should be especially useful over the first two days when the field is at its most expansive, and a player might be unexpectedly putting together a killer round and rampaging up the leaderboard when they aren't a focus of the TV broadcast.

In 2014, IBM opened swanky new headquarters for its artificial intelligence division, known as IBM Watson. Inside the glassy tower in lower Manhattan, IBMers can bring prospective clients and visiting journalists into the "immersion room," which resembles a miniature planetarium. There, in the darkened space, visitors sit on swiveling stools while fancy graphics flash around the curved screens covering the walls. It's the closest you can get, IBMers sometimes say, to being inside Watson's electronic brain. One dazzling 2014 demonstration of Watson's brainpower showed off its potential to transform medicine using AI--a goal that IBM CEO Virginia Rometty often calls the company's moon shot. In the demo, Watson took a bizarre collection of patient symptoms and came up with a list of possible diagnoses, each annotated with Watson's confidence level and links to supporting medical literature. Within the comfortable confines of the dome, Watson never failed to impress: Its memory banks held knowledge of every rare disease, and its processors weren't susceptible to the kind of cognitive bias that can throw off doctors. It could crack a tough case in mere seconds. If Watson could bring that instant expertise to hospitals and clinics all around the world, it seemed possible that the AI could reduce diagnosis errors, optimize treatments, and even alleviate doctor shortages--not by replacing doctors but by helping them do their jobs faster and better.