The 1988 Workshop on Cognitive Models of Speech Processing was held at Park Hotel Fiorelle, Sperlonga, Italy, on 16-20 May 1988. Twenty-five participants gathered in this small coastal village, where the Emperor Tiberius once kept a summer house, to discuss psycholinguistic and computational issues in speech and natural language processing.

AI Magazine Volume 10 Number 4 (1989) ( AAAI) generated some controversy. Relative to the discussion of the role of strong syllables in lexical segmentation, Gerry Altmann of CSTR reviewed some of the evidence based on computational studies of large The 1988 Workshop on Cognitive bone. Evidence from human studies computerized lexicons (20,000 Models of Speech Processing was suggested that the spurious word is words). This evidence suggested that held at Park Hotel Fiorelle, Sperlonga, activated, even though in principle it a stressed syllable conveys more Italy, on 16-20 May 1988. Twentyfive would be possible to prevent this activation information about the identity of the participants gathered in this by only accessing the lexicon at word in which it occurs than an small coastal village, where the the offset of some previously found unstressed syllable.

This article explores the implications of one type of cognitive technology, techniques and concepts to develop joint human-machine cognitive systems, for the application of computational technology by examining the joint cognitive system implicit in a hypothetical computer consultant that outputs some form of problem solution. This analysis reveals some of the problems can occur in cognitive system design-e.g., machine control of the interaction, the danger of a responsibility-authority double-bind, and the potentially difficult and unsupported task of filtering poor machine solutions. The result is a challenge for applied cognitive psychology to provide models, data, and techniques to help designers build an effective combination between the human and machine elements of a joint cognitive system.

This paper argues for the position that experimental human studies are relevant to most facets of AI research and that closer ties between AI and experimental psychology will enhance the development of booth the principles of artificial intelligence and their implementation in computers. Raising psychological assumptions from the level of ad hoc intuitions to the level of systematic empirical observation, in the long run, will improve the quality of AI research and help to integrate it with related studies in other disciplines.

MIT Press

MIT Press

This paper presents a cognitive model of the planning process. The model generalizes the theoretical architecture of the Hearsay-II system. Thus, it assumes that planning comprises the activities of a variety of cognitive “specialists.” Each specialist can suggest certain kinds of decisions for incorporation into the plan in progress. These include decisions about: (a) how to approach the planning problem; (b) what knowledge bears on the problem; (c) what kinds of actions to try to plan; (d) what specific actions to plan; and (e) how to allocate cognitive resources during planning. Within each of these categories, different specialists suggest decisions at different levels of abstraction. The activities of the various specialists are not coordinated in any systematic way. Instead, the specialists operate opportunistically, suggesting decisions whenever promising opportunities arise. The paper presents a detailed account of the model and illustrates its assumptions with a “thinking aloud” protocol. It also describes the performance of a computer simulation of the model. The paper contrasts the proposed model with successive refinement models and attempts to resolve apparent differences between the two points of view. Cognitive Science 3:275-310.

Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. See also: Pages 110-117 from Cognitive Development, third edition, by John H. Flavell, Patricia H. Miller and Scott A. Miller (ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/incoming/Cognitive_Development_100-117.pdf). John H. Flavell. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: Children's Knowledge About the Mind. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 50: 21-45 (Volume publication date February 1999) (http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.21). John H Flavell, Stage-related properties of cognitive development, Cognitive Psychology, Volume 2, Issue 4, October 1971, Pages 421-453 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010028571900259). John H. Flavell. On Cognitive Development. In Child Development, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1982), pp. 1-10, Published by: Wiley (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1129634?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents). John H. Flavell. The development of children's knowledge about the mind: From cognitive connections to mental representations. In Developing Theories of Mind, Janet W. Astington, Paul L. Harris, David R. Olson. CUP Archive, 1990, pp. 244-266 (https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521386535). Cognitive development: Past, present, and future. Flavell, John H. Developmental Psychology, Vol 28(6), Nov 1992, 998-1005 (http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/28/6/998/). Thinking about People Thinking about People Thinking about...: A Study of Social Cognitive Development. Patricia H. Miller, Frank S. Kessel and John H. Flavell. Child Development, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 613-623, Published by: Wiley (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1127211?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents). Social Cognitive Development: Frontiers and Possible Futures. John H. Flavell, Lee Ross, Social Science Research Council (USA). Committee on Social and Affective Development During Childhood. CUP Archive, May 29, 1981 (https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Cognitive_Development.html?id=4JI5AAAAIAAJ). The Development of Intuitions about Cognitive Cueing. F. Robert Gordon and John H. Flavell. Child Development, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 1027-1033. Published by: Wiley (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1128355?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents).

E.A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman (Eds.). Computers and Thought. McGraw-Hill, 1963. This collection includes twenty classic papers by such pioneers as A. M. Turing and Marvin Minsky who were behind the pivotal advances in artificially simulating human thought processes with computers. All Parts are available as downloadable pdf files; most individual chapters are also available separately. COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE. A. M. Turing. CHESS-PLAYING PROGRAMS AND THE PROBLEM OF COMPLEXITY. Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and H.A. Simon. SOME STUDIES IN MACHINE LEARNING USING THE GAME OF CHECKERS. A. L. Samuel. EMPIRICAL EXPLORATIONS WITH THE LOGIC THEORY MACHINE: A CASE STUDY IN HEURISTICS. Allen Newell J.C. Shaw and H.A. Simon. REALIZATION OF A GEOMETRY-THEOREM PROVING MACHINE. H. Gelernter. EMPIRICAL EXPLORATIONS OF THE GEOMETRY-THEOREM PROVING MACHINE. H. Gelernter, J.R. Hansen, and D. W. Loveland. SUMMARY OF A HEURISTIC LINE BALANCING PROCEDURE. Fred M. Tonge. A HEURISTIC PROGRAM THAT SOLVES SYMBOLIC INTEGRATION PROBLEMS IN FRESHMAN CALCULUS. James R. Slagle. BASEBALL: AN AUTOMATIC QUESTION ANSWERER. Green, Bert F. Jr., Alice K. Wolf, Carol Chomsky, and Kenneth Laughery. INFERENTIAL MEMORY AS THE BASIS OF MACHINES WHICH UNDERSTAND NATURAL LANGUAGE. Robert K. Lindsay. PATTERN RECOGNITION BY MACHINE. Oliver G. Selfridge and Ulric Neisser. A PATTERN-RECOGNITION PROGRAM THAT GENERATES, EVALUATES, AND ADJUSTS ITS OWN OPERATORS. Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler. GPS, A PROGRAM THAT SIMULATES HUMAN THOUGHT. Allen Newell and H.A. Simon. THE SIMULATION OF VERBAL LEARNING BEHAVIOR. Edward A. Feigenbaum. PROGRAMMING A MODEL OF HUMAN CONCEPT FORMULATION. Earl B. Hunt and Carl I. Hovland. SIMULATION OF BEHAVIOR IN THE BINARY CHOICE EXPERIMENT Julian Feldman. A MODEL OF THE TRUST INVESTMENT PROCESS. Geoffrey P. E. Clarkson. A COMPUTER MODEL OF ELEMENTARY SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. John T. Gullahorn and Jeanne E. Gullahorn. TOWARD INTELLIGENT MACHINES. Paul Armer. STEPS TOWARD ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Marvin Minsky. A SELECTED DESCRIPTOR-INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THE LITERATURE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Marvin Minsky.