The discussion centers on a specific video terminal designed and constructed by the authors. This terminal is based on the Intel 8080 microprocessor and is equipped with software sufficient to emiflate the characteristics of standard video terminals required by eral available screen -oriented text editors in common use at sites throughout the ARPAnet (such as E [Samuel, 1978] and TV-Edit [kanerva, 1975]). Screen-oriented editors2 differ from other editors In their use of high-speed video terminals to display the contents of large sections of a file being edited. As editing operations are performed, the display Is revised to indicate their effects on the file (i.e., editing operates In a What you see is what you get mode). Such editors require ter.linals capable of primitive text-processing operations, such as inserting a character in a line of text by shifting the existing characters. In addition to such capabilities, the terminal is typically expected to support 8-bit transmission (instead of the usual 7 bits plus parity), selectable modes for displaying characters (e.g., normal or inverse video, blinking, or dual intensity), and an 80-character line width.

Understanding the history of the development process that,ad ever been constructed and tested. of a body of Ideas IV, and V (all 1557-panel chose to range oroadly over the "prehistory" 59. Seminally related to These events were of the field--from the Greeks througn pacers Dy Newell (1955) on an adaptive anees post-war cybernetics. Not discussed in detail macnine and by Simon on a Dehavioral theory of were the critical intellectual events of the rational choice and the influence of the environment formative period. These two papers of Simon were in a sense Inc culmination attention. It IS That were written to test ideas. Similarly, the General support from Rocnester, proceeded to program the:;eometry Theorem?rover.

ABSTReCT The research activities of the Heuristic Programming Project, for the four-year period ending July 31, 1977, are summarized in this report. Contributions to Knowledge Engineering research in the fields of knowledge acquisition (both interactive and automated), knowledge representation and knowledge utilization were reported in over thirty publications by members of the project. A summary of those publications is?resented here. The Al Handbook, an encyclopedic reference to the field of::tificial Intelligence, is described in the appendix, along with the excecteç table of contents and sample articles.

In the early days of computing, these goals were central to the new discipline called cybernetics [126], [2]. Over the past two decades, progress toward these goals has come from a variety of fields - notably computer science, psychology, adaptive control theory, pattern recognition, and philosophy. Substantial progress has been made in developing techniques for machine learning in highly restricted environments.

Success of a knowledge-based program depends on both competence and acceptability. It must perform well for it to be worth using, but is must be acceptable to users for it to be used. There are many dimensions to developing competent and acceptable knowledge based systems which can serve as "intelligent af.sistants-for problem solvers in science (see Shortliffe and Davis, 1975). One of these is the old Al problem of representation of knowledge. Since most previous work on representation has stressed its importance for problem-solving (e.g.

Reprinted with permission from Analytical Chemistry, August 1976, Vol.48, No.9, pp.1368-1375.

Over tt7e years a range of different mechanisms have been proposed and used (e.g., standard procedure invocation, goal-directed invocation, etc.), each typically motivated by the attempt to develop new forms of knowledge encoding (e.g., procedures, PLANNER theorems, etc.). We consider in this paper tne strengths and weaknesses of a range of these mechanisms, paying particular attention to their expressiveness and validity. This analysis brings to light certain shortcomings shared to some degree by all current mechanisms. A number of ideas are presented as the basis for a mechanism which appears to offer a way of overcoming the problems discovered. We describe how those ideas have been implemented and tested in a rule-based system, and explore their impact on system performance, ease of construction, and flexibility. We consider also their value as a generalization of the existing notions of procedure calling. Though the terminology may differ, some of the shortcomings we point out and some of the ideas proposed may be recognized by others who have built similar systems, where some of these ideas have been Implemented in various Informal ways. The purpose of this paper is not, therefore, to advocate a particular solution, but instez.d

COMPUTER PROGRAM APPLIED TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES* Edward H. Shortliffe Cepartmenc of!'edicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305 A rule-based expert system is described which uees artificial intellieence techniques, and a model of:he iateractica between phesiciane and human consul-:ants, to attempt to satisfy the demands of a user:o unIr7 that is often reluctant to experiment with touter zecnnology. Experteace to date has demonstrated that the program is efficient, relacively easy to use, and reliable in the domain ofbacearemei therapy selection. Future work will involve broadening dad evaluatim; tne program's expertise in other areas of infectaoue disease therapy. Ihtreductioa Few eotentialusereopulations are as demanding of tomeuter tecenology as are practicing physicians. This our to a variety of factors which include the,eysecian's independeace as a lone decision maker, the seriousaess wieh which he views actions that may often have life-and-Ceach sigaifizance, and the overwhelming:t.me

The low cost of microprocessors today, and the future trend in both cost and performence, makes large microprocessor-networks very interesting. A net of a thousend processors or more can be built using present techniques. However, there are several problems in utilizing such a horee of processors in a rcesonebly efficient way. There also seem to be restrictions to the kinds of opplications that can be mapped on to such a system. One control mechanism that seems to be very useful, at least for some Artificial Intelligence type problems, is the CONTRACT NET, ISmith77]. In this paper we will first look at some of the desirable characteristics of a lerge multi-microprocessor net. Than we will describe several different organizations together with their advantages and problems. We are also discussing broadcasting in lattices using circuit switched minimum spanning trees.

A rule-based expert system is described which uses artificial intelligence techniques, and a model of the Interaction between physicians and human consultants, to attempt to satisfy the demands of a user community that Is often reluctant to experiment with computer technology. Experience to date has demonstrated that the program Is efficient, relatively easy to use, and reliable in the domain of bacteremia therapy selection. Future work will involve broadening and evaluating the program's expertise In other areas of infectious disease thPrapy. To that end rules regarding diagnosis and treatment of meningitis have been written and are currently under evaluation.