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The Yale University Cognition and Programming Project

AI Magazine

THE COGNITION AND PROGRAMMING PROJECT (CAPP) to use such constructs effectively. Dr. Elliot Soloway, Assistant Professor; Dr. Kate which people bring to programming and that computing Ehrlich, Research Associate Lewis Johnson; Jeff Bonar; Valerie Abbott which arise due to cognztively poor programming language constructs. Work is currently in progress on the following projects: What do experts/novices know about programming. 'This project is currently being funded by NSF RISE, under grant'This project is currently being funded by NSF IST, under grant number TIIE AI MAGAZINE Winter/Spring 1083 17 then many individuals will not be able to acquire such languages; Soloway, E., Woolf, B., Rubin, E., Bonar, J. (1982) Overview moreover, it appears beneficial from a problem solving Vancouver, B.C. the empirical projects, we are actively engaged in building an Bonar, J., Ehrlich, K., Soloway, E., Rubin, E. (1982) Collecting AIbased tutoring system, PROUST, which can assist novice Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation, this system is to identify non-syntactic bugs in a student's Recent CAPP publications are listed below. What Do Novices Know About Programming?


Artificial Intelligence Research at Carnegie-Mellon University

AI Magazine

AI research at CMU is closely integrated with other activities in the Computer Science Department, and to a major degree with ongoing research in the Psychology Department. Although there are over 50 faculty, staff and graduate students involved in various aspects of AI research, there is no administratively (or physically) separate AI laboratory. To underscore the interdisciplinary nature of our AI research, a significant fraction of the projects listed below are joint ventures between computer science and psychology.


Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice

Classics

"Practice, and the performance improvement that it engenders, has long been a major topic in psychology. In this paper, both experimental and theoretical approaches are employed in an investigation of the mechanisms underlying this improvement On the experimental side, it is argued that a single law, the power law of practice, adequately describes all of the practice data. On the theoretical side, a model of practice rooted in modern cognitive psychology, the chunking theory of learning, is formulated. The paper consists of (1) the presentation of a set of empirical practice curves; (2) mathematical investigations into the nature of power law functions; (3) evaluations of the ability of three different classes of functions to adequately model the empirical curves; (4) a discussion of the existing models of practice; (5) a presentation of the chunking theory of learning." In J. R. Anderson (Ed.). Cognitive Skills and their Acquisition (pp. 1-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.


Research in Progress at the Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California

AI Magazine

Over the past two years we have started a program of On the theoretical side, Professor Randall Davis has research into the development of VLSI systems. They have introduced a descriptive formalism called OMEGA, which contributes to many of the issues of Traditional automated synthesis techniques for circuit current concern in knowlege representation, and they have design are restricted to small classes of circuit functions for applied it to describe the various structured entities such as which mathematical methods exist. Sussman and his group have developed computer-aided design tools that can be of much broader assistance. Guy L. Steele developed a language to support such programming, Johan de Kleer studied causal and Professor Marvin Minsky has worked on a theory of human teleological reasoning in the recognition of circuit function thinking, which likens the mind to a society of agents and from schematics, and Howie Shrobe has worked on constraint attempts to combine a number of insights from satisfaction and the development of an interactive knowledgebased psychoanalytic, developmental, and cognitive theories of system for substantially supporting VLSI design. Further work by Richard Greenblatt and Dr. Lucia Doyle has studied belief revision via truth maintenance and Vaina develops the idea of thread memory.



Solving Mechanics problems using meta-level inference

Classics

Our purpose in studying natural language understanding in conjunction with problem solving is to bring together the constraints of what formal representation can actually be obtained with the question of what knowledge is required in order to solve a wide range of problems in a semantically rich domain. We believe that these issues cannot sensibly be tackled in isolation. In practical terms we have had the benefits of an increased awareness of common problems in both areas and a realisation that some of our techniques are applicable to both the control of inference and the control of parsing. Early work on solving mathematical problems stated in natural language was done by Bobrow (STUDENT - (i]) and Chamiak (CARPS - [5]). However the rudimentary parsing and simple semantic structures used by Bobrow and Charniak are inadequate for any but the easiest problems. Our intention has been to build on B/RG Chris This work was supported by SRC grant number 94493 and an SRC research studentship for Mellish.


The Computer Revolution in Philosophy

Classics

"Computing can change our ways of thinking about many things, mathematics, biology, engineering, administrative procedures, and many more. But my main concern is that it can change our thinking about ourselves: giving us new models, metaphors, and other thinking tools to aid our efforts to fathom the mysteries of the human mind and heart. The new discipline of Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computing most directly concerned with this revolution. By giving us new, deeper, insights into some of our inner processes, it changes our thinking about ourselves. It therefore changes some of our inner processes, and so changes what we are, like all social, technological and intellectual revolutions." This book, published in 1978 by Harvester Press and Humanities Press, has been out of print for many years, and is now online, produced from a scanned in copy of the original, digitised by OCR software and made available in September 2001. Since then a number of notes and corrections have been added. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.



Models of learning systems

Classics

"The terms adaptation, learning, concept-formation, induction, self-organization, and self-repair have all been used in the context of learning system (LS) research. The research has been conducted within many different scientific communities, however, and these terms have come to have a variety of meanings. It is therefore often difficult to recognize that problems which are described differently may in fact be identical. Learning system models as well are often tuned to the require- ments of a particular discipline and are not suitable for application in related disciplines."In Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Vol. 11. Dekker


Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm

Classics

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