Several recent works have found the emergence of grounded compositional language in the communication protocols developed by mostly cooperative multi-agent systems when learned end-to-end to maximize performance on a downstream task. However, human populations learn to solve complex tasks involving communicative behaviors not only in fully cooperative settings but also in scenarios where competition acts as an additional external pressure for improvement. In this work, we investigate whether competition for performance from an external, similar agent team could act as a social influence that encourages multi-agent populations to develop better communication protocols for improved performance, compositionality, and convergence speed. We start from Task & Talk, a previously proposed referential game between two cooperative agents as our testbed and extend it into Task, Talk & Compete, a game involving two competitive teams each consisting of two aforementioned cooperative agents. Using this new setting, we provide an empirical study demonstrating the impact of competitive influence on multi-agent teams. Our results show that an external competitive influence leads to improved accuracy and generalization, as well as faster emergence of communicative languages that are more informative and compositional.

To the untrained eye, zebras in Kenya probably all look alike. But each animal's black and white markings are like a fingerprint, distinct -- and invaluable for scientists who need to track the animals and information about them, including their births, deaths, health and migration patterns. Traditionally, getting this kind of information has been an invasive and labor-intensive process. But breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and crowdsourcing of photos of individual animals are beginning to change the conservation game. Portland, Oregon-based nonprofit Wild Me has developed AI to pick out identifying markers -- the stripes on a zebra, the spots on a giraffe, the contours of a flukewhale's fin -- and catalog animals much faster than a human can.

Deep Neural Networks (NNs) with many hidden layers are now at the core of modern machine learning applications and can achieve remarkable performance that was previously unattainable using shallow networks. But why are deeper networks better than shallow? Perhaps intuitively, one can understand that the nature of computation done by deep and shallow networks is different; simple one hidden layer NNs extract independent features of the input and return their weighted sum, while deeper NNs can compute features of features, making the features computed by deeper layers no longer independent. Another line of intuition (Poole et al. (2016)), is that highly complicated manifolds in input space can actually turn into flattened manifolds in hidden space, thus helping with downstream tasks (e.g., classification). To make the above intuitions formal and understand the benefits of depth, researchers try to understand the expressivity of NNs and prove depth separation results. Early results in this area sometimes referred to as universality theorems (Cybenko, 1989; Hornik et al., 1989), state that NNs of just one hidden layer, equipped with standard activation units (e.g., sigmoids, ReLUs etc.) are "dense" in the space of continuous functions, meaning that any continuous function can be represented by an appropriate combination of these activation units.

We present ProxEmo, a novel end-to-end emotion prediction algorithm for socially aware robot navigation among pedestrians. Our approach predicts the perceived emotions of a pedestrian from walking gaits, which is then used for emotion-guided navigation taking into account social and proxemic constraints. To classify emotions, we propose a multi-view skeleton graph convolution-based model that works on a commodity camera mounted onto a moving robot. Our emotion recognition is integrated into a mapless navigation scheme and makes no assumptions about the environment of pedestrian motion. It achieves a mean average emotion prediction precision of 82.47% on the Emotion-Gait benchmark dataset. We outperform current state-of-art algorithms for emotion recognition from 3D gaits. We highlight its benefits in terms of navigation in indoor scenes using a Clearpath Jackal robot.

Artificial Moral Agents (AMA's) is a field in computer science with the purpose of creating autonomous machines that can make moral decisions akin to how humans do. Researchers have proposed theoretical means of creating such machines, while philosophers have made arguments as to how these machines ought to behave, or whether they should even exist. Of the currently theorised AMA's, all research and design has been done with either none or at most one specified normative ethical theory as basis. This is problematic because it narrows down the AMA's functional ability and versatility which in turn causes moral outcomes that a limited number of people agree with (thereby undermining an AMA's ability to be moral in a human sense). As solution we design a three-layer model for general normative ethical theories that can be used to serialise the ethical views of people and businesses for an AMA to use during reasoning. Four specific ethical norms (Kantianism, divine command theory, utilitarianism, and egoism) were modelled and evaluated as proof of concept for normative modelling. Furthermore, all models were serialised to XML/XSD as proof of support for computerisation.

Given the large variety of existing logical formalisms it is of utmost importance to select the most adequate one for a specific purpose, e.g. for representing the knowledge relevant for a particular application or for using the formalism as a modeling tool for problem solving. Awareness of the nature of a logical formalism, in other words, of its fundamental intrinsic properties, is indispensable and provides the basis of an informed choice. One such intrinsic property of logic-based knowledge representation languages is the context-dependency of pieces of knowledge. In classical propositional logic, for example, there is no such context-dependence: whenever two sets of formulas are equivalent in the sense of having the same models (ordinary equivalence), then they are mutually replaceable in arbitrary contexts (strong equivalence). However, a large number of commonly used formalisms are not like classical logic which leads to a series of interesting developments.

Artificial intelligence AI takes the lead over intelligent automation IA. Intelligent automation is the combination of "'robotic process automation and artificial intelligence to automate processes,'" according to a recent article on the topic in HR Dive, a publication for human resources professionals. Organizations that embrace intelligent automation may experience a return on investment of 200% or more, according to an Everest Group report cited by HR Dive. However, that doesn't mean organizations can expect a reduction in headcount, according to the report. In fact, projections of a reduction in workforce thanks to intelligent automation may be "highly exaggerated," the Everest Group noted.

Artificial intelligence has been applied in wildfire science and management since the 1990s, with early applications including neural networks and expert systems. Since then the field has rapidly progressed congruently with the wide adoption of machine learning (ML) in the environmental sciences. Here, we present a scoping review of ML in wildfire science and management. Our objective is to improve awareness of ML among wildfire scientists and managers, as well as illustrate the challenging range of problems in wildfire science available to data scientists. We first present an overview of popular ML approaches used in wildfire science to date, and then review their use in wildfire science within six problem domains: 1) fuels characterization, fire detection, and mapping; 2) fire weather and climate change; 3) fire occurrence, susceptibility, and risk; 4) fire behavior prediction; 5) fire effects; and 6) fire management. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of various ML approaches and identify opportunities for future advances in wildfire science and management within a data science context. We identified 298 relevant publications, where the most frequently used ML methods included random forests, MaxEnt, artificial neural networks, decision trees, support vector machines, and genetic algorithms. There exists opportunities to apply more current ML methods (e.g., deep learning and agent based learning) in wildfire science. However, despite the ability of ML models to learn on their own, expertise in wildfire science is necessary to ensure realistic modelling of fire processes across multiple scales, while the complexity of some ML methods requires sophisticated knowledge for their application. Finally, we stress that the wildfire research and management community plays an active role in providing relevant, high quality data for use by practitioners of ML methods.

For instance, a mixture of primary and secondary research has been used to define Artificial Intelligence Software market estimates and forecasts. Sources used for secondary research contain (but not limited to) Paid Data Sources, Technology Journals of 2013-2018, SEC Filings Company Websites, Annual Reports, and various other Artificial Intelligence Software industry publications. Specific details on the methodology used for Artificial Intelligence Software market report can be provided on demand. In addition, It highlights the ability to increase possibilities in the coming years by 2023, also reviewing the marketplace drivers, constraints and restraints, growth signs, challenges, market dynamics. "Global Artificial Intelligence Software Market" gives a region-wise analysis like growth aspects, and revenue, Past, present and future forecast trends, Analysis of emerging market sectors and development opportunities in Artificial Intelligence Software will forecast the market growth. Regional scope: Artificial Intelligence Software market is divided into various regions like North America, Middle-East a and Africa, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Europe. Country scope: Artificial Intelligence Software market is divided into United States, Mexico, Canada, Germany, Singapore, U.K., Italy, Russia, France, Spain, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Egypt, and UAE, ASEAN countries.

Currently, high-dimensional data is ubiquitous in data science, which necessitates the development of techniques to decompose and interpret such multidimensional (aka tensor) datasets. Finding a low dimensional representation of the data, that is, its inherent structure, is one of the approaches that can serve to understand the dynamics of low dimensional latent features hidden in the data. Nonnegative RESCAL is one such technique, particularly well suited to analyze self-relational data, such as dynamic networks found in international trade flows. Nonnegative RESCAL computes a low dimensional tensor representation by finding the latent space containing multiple modalities. Estimating the dimensionality of this latent space is crucial for extracting meaningful latent features. Here, to determine the dimensionality of the latent space with nonnegative RESCAL, we propose a latent dimension determination method which is based on clustering of the solutions of multiple realizations of nonnegative RESCAL decompositions. We demonstrate the performance of our model selection method on synthetic data and then we apply our method to decompose a network of international trade flows data from International Monetary Fund and validate the resulting features against empirical facts from economic literature.