Solving non-convex resource allocation problems poses significant challenges in wireless communication systems, often beyond the capability of traditional optimization techniques. To address this issue, we propose LLM-OptiRA, the first framework that leverages large language models (LLMs) to automatically detect and transform non-convex components into solvable forms, enabling fully automated resolution of non-convex resource allocation problems in wireless communication systems. LLM-OptiRA not only simplifies problem-solving by reducing reliance on expert knowledge, but also integrates error correction and feasibility validation mechanisms to ensure robustness. Experimental results show that LLM-OptiRA achieves an execution rate of 96% and a success rate of 80% on GPT-4, significantly outperforming baseline approaches in complex optimization tasks across diverse scenarios.

--Wireless communication is evolving into an agent era, where large-scale agents with inherent embodied intelligence are not just users but active participants. The perfect combination of wireless communication and embodied intelligence can achieve a synergetic empowerment and greatly facilitate the development of agent communication. An overview of this synergetic empowerment is presented, framing it as a co-evolutionary process that transforms wireless communication from a simple utility into the digital nervous system of a collective intelligence, while simultaneously elevating isolated agents into a unified superorganism with emergent capabilities far exceeding individual contributions. Furthermore, critical open issues and future research directions are identified. IRELESS communication is evolving into the agent era, marking a fundamental shift from connecting passive information endpoints to enabling massive-scale agent collaboration. Unlike traditional devices, these agents such as autonomous vehicles, industrial robots, and advanced environmental sensors possess inherent embodied intelligence, empowering them to actively perceive, reason, and physically interact with their surroundings [1]. The scale of this transformation is unprecedented. The projections for 2030 estimate that the number of connected IoT devices will reach 125 billion, while monthly global mobile traffic is expected to increase to over 5000 exabytes, representing an 80-fold increase from 2020 [2]. More critically, a growing portion of these devices is the embodied agents that require real-time coordination for complex collective tasks, marking a qualitative shift from isolated sensors to collaborative swarms. Diao and Q. Wu are with the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210000, P .

Abstract--Modern fronthaul links in wireless systems must transport high-dimensional signals under stringent bandwidth and latency constraints, which makes compression indispensable. Traditional strategies--such as compressed sensing, scalar quantization, and fixed-codec pipelines--often rely on restrictive priors, degrade sharply at high compression ratios, and are hard to tune across channels and deployments. Recent progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought end-to-end learned transforms, vector and hierarchical quantization, and learned entropy models that better exploit the structure of Channel State Information (CSI), precoding matrices, I/Q samples, and LLRs. This paper first surveys AI-driven compression techniques and then provides a focused analysis of two representative high-compression routes: CSI feedback with end-to-end learning and Resource Block (RB)-granularity precoding optimization combined with compression. Building on these insights, we propose a fronthaul compression strategy tailored to cell-free architectures. The design targets high compression with controlled performance loss, supports RB-level rate adaptation, and enables low-latency inference suitable for centralized cooperative transmission in next-generation networks.

This thesis delves into the forefront of wireless communication by exploring the synergistic integration of three transformative technologies: STAR-RIS, CoMP, and NOMA. Driven by the ever-increasing demand for higher data rates, improved spectral efficiency, and expanded coverage in the evolving landscape of 6G development, this research investigates the potential of these technologies to revolutionize future wireless networks. The thesis analyzes the performance gains achievable through strategic deployment of STAR-RIS, focusing on mitigating inter-cell interference, enhancing signal strength, and extending coverage to cell-edge users. Resource sharing strategies for STAR-RIS elements are explored, optimizing both transmission and reflection functionalities. Analytical frameworks are developed to quantify the benefits of STAR-RIS assisted CoMP-NOMA networks under realistic channel conditions, deriving key performance metrics such as ergodic rates and outage probabilities. Additionally, the research delves into energy-efficient design approaches for CoMP-NOMA networks incorporating RIS, proposing novel RIS configurations and optimization algorithms to achieve a balance between performance and energy consumption. Furthermore, the application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques for intelligent and adaptive optimization in aerial RIS-assisted CoMP-NOMA networks is explored, aiming to maximize network sum rate while meeting user quality of service requirements. Through a comprehensive investigation of these technologies and their synergistic potential, this thesis contributes valuable insights into the future of wireless communication, paving the way for the development of more efficient, reliable, and sustainable networks capable of meeting the demands of our increasingly connected world.

Reinforcement learning (RL)-based large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Grok-3, have gained significant attention for their exceptional capabilities in natural language processing and multimodal data understanding. Meanwhile, the rapid expansion of information services has driven the growing need for intelligence, efficient, and adaptable wireless networks. Wireless networks require the empowerment of RL-based LLMs while these models also benefit from wireless networks to broaden their application scenarios. Specifically, RL-based LLMs can enhance wireless communication systems through intelligent resource allocation, adaptive network optimization, and real-time decision-making. Conversely, wireless networks provide a vital infrastructure for the efficient training, deployment, and distributed inference of RL-based LLMs, especially in decentralized and edge computing environments. This mutual empowerment highlights the need for a deeper exploration of the interplay between these two domains. We first review recent advancements in wireless communications, highlighting the associated challenges and potential solutions. We then discuss the progress of RL-based LLMs, focusing on key technologies for LLM training, challenges, and potential solutions. Subsequently, we explore the mutual empowerment between these two fields, highlighting key motivations, open challenges, and potential solutions. Finally, we provide insights into future directions, applications, and their societal impact to further explore this intersection, paving the way for next-generation intelligent communication systems. Overall, this survey provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between RL-based LLMs and wireless networks, offering a vision where these domains empower each other to drive innovations.

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) has spurred their application in various fields. In particular, there have been efforts to integrate LLMs into various aspects of wireless communication systems. The use of LLMs in wireless communication systems has the potential to realize artificial general intelligence (AGI)-enabled wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate an LLM-based resource allocation scheme for wireless communication systems. Specifically, we formulate a simple resource allocation problem involving two transmit pairs and develop an LLM-based resource allocation approach that aims to maximize either energy efficiency or spectral efficiency. Additionally, we consider the joint use of low-complexity resource allocation techniques to compensate for the reliability shortcomings of the LLM-based scheme. After confirming the applicability and feasibility of LLM-based resource allocation, we address several key technical challenges that remain in applying LLMs in practice.

The real-time quantification of the effect of a wireless channel on the transmitting signal is crucial for the analysis and the intelligent design of wireless communication systems for various services. Recent mechanisms to model channel characteristics independent of coding, modulation, signal processing, etc., using deep learning neural networks are promising solutions. However, the current approaches are neither statistically accurate nor able to adapt to the changing environment. In this paper, we propose a new approach that combines a deep learning neural network with a mixture density network model to derive the conditional probability density function (PDF) of receiving power given a communication distance in general wireless communication systems. Furthermore, a deep transfer learning scheme is designed and implemented to allow the channel model to dynamically adapt to changes in communication environments. Extensive experiments on Nakagami fading channel model and Log-normal shadowing channel model with path loss and noise show that the new approach is more statistically accurate, faster, and more robust than the previous deep learning-based channel models.

Recently, deep neural networks have emerged as a solution to solve NP-hard wireless resource allocation problems in real-time. However, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and convolutional neural network (CNN) structures, which are inherited from image processing tasks, are not optimized for wireless network problems. As network size increases, these methods get harder to train and generalize. User pairing is one such essential NP-hard optimization problem in wireless communication systems that entails selecting users to be scheduled together while minimizing interference and maximizing throughput. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised graph neural network (GNN) approach to efficiently solve the user pairing problem. Our proposed method utilizes the Erdos goes neural pipeline to significantly outperform other scheduling methods such as k-means and semi-orthogonal user scheduling (SUS). At 20 dB SNR, our proposed approach achieves a 49% better sum rate than k-means and a staggering 95% better sum rate than SUS while consuming minimal time and resources. The scalability of the proposed method is also explored as our model can handle dynamic changes in network size without experiencing a substantial decrease in performance. Moreover, our model can accomplish this without being explicitly trained for larger or smaller networks facilitating a dynamic functionality that cannot be achieved using CNNs or MLPs.

As an efficient graph analytical tool, graph neural networks (GNNs) have special properties that are particularly fit for the characteristics and requirements of wireless communications, exhibiting good potential for the advancement of next-generation wireless communications. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the interplay between GNNs and wireless communications, including GNNs for wireless communications (GNN4Com) and wireless communications for GNNs (Com4GNN). In particular, we discuss GNN4Com based on how graphical models are constructed and introduce Com4GNN with corresponding incentives. We also highlight potential research directions to promote future research endeavors for GNNs in wireless communications.

Resilience is the new holy grail in wireless communication systems. Complex radio environments and malicious attacks using intelligent jamming contribute to unreliable communication systems. Early approaches to deal with such problems were based on frequency hopping, scrambling, chirping, and cognitive radio-based concepts, among others. Physical-layer security was increased using known codes and pseudorandom number sequences. However, these approaches are not up to modern standards; they do not improve resilience and are rather easy to attack by means of intelligent jamming.