Neural Information Processing Systems http://nips.cc/

Speech impairments are prevalent biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease (PD), motivating the development of diagnostic techniques using speech data for clinical applications. Although deep acoustic features have shown promise for PD classification, their effectiveness often varies due to individual speaker differences, a factor that has not been thoroughly explored in the existing literature. This study investigates the effectiveness of three pre-trained audio embeddings (OpenL3, VGGish and Wav2Vec2.0 models) for PD classification. Using the NeuroVoz dataset, OpenL3 outperforms others in diadochokinesis (DDK) and listen and repeat (LR) tasks, capturing critical acoustic features for PD detection. Only Wav2Vec2.0 shows significant gender bias, achieving more favorable results for male speakers, in DDK tasks. The misclassified cases reveal challenges with atypical speech patterns, highlighting the need for improved feature extraction and model robustness in PD detection.

Thanks for the comments and we will reorganize the paper according to your suggestions. R1 may think NA T as a NAS method. How to get skip connections in VGG? Then, NA T can add skip connections into VGG by replacing the null connections (see more discussions in Section 4.5). Why the generated networks have two inputs "-2" and "-1": "-1" represent the outputs of the second nearest and the most nearest cell in front of the current one, respectively.

Early and accurate detection of the bone fracture is paramount to initiating treatment as early as possible and avoiding any delay in patient treatment and outcomes. Interpretation of X-ray image is a time consuming and error prone task, especially when resources for such interpretation are limited by lack of radiology expertise. Additionally, deep learning approaches used currently, typically suffer from misclassifications and lack interpretable explanations to clinical use. In order to overcome these challenges, we propose an automated framework of bone fracture detection using a VGG-19 model modified to our needs. It incorporates sophisticated preprocessing techniques that include Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Otsu's thresholding, and Canny edge detection, among others, to enhance image clarity as well as to facilitate the feature extraction. Therefore, we use Grad-CAM, an Explainable AI method that can generate visual heatmaps of the model's decision making process, as a type of model interpretability, for clinicians to understand the model's decision making process. It encourages trust and helps in further clinical validation. It is deployed in a real time web application, where healthcare professionals can upload X-ray images and get the diagnostic feedback within 0.5 seconds. The performance of our modified VGG-19 model attains 99.78\% classification accuracy and AUC score of 1.00, making it exceptionally good. The framework provides a reliable, fast, and interpretable solution for bone fracture detection that reasons more efficiently for diagnoses and better patient care.

Pruning the parameters and structure of neural networks reduces the computational complexity, energy consumption, and latency during inference. Recently, a novel underlying mechanism for successful deep learning (DL) was presented based on a method that quantitatively measures the single filter performance in each layer of a DL architecture, and a new comprehensive mechanism of how deep learning works was presented. Herein, we demonstrate how this understanding paves the path to highly dilute the convolutional layers of deep architectures without affecting their overall accuracy using applied filter cluster connections (AFCC). AFCC is exemplified on VGG-11 and EfficientNet-B0 architectures trained on CIFAR-100, and its high pruning outperforms other techniques using the same pruning magnitude. Additionally, this technique is broadened to single nodal performance and highly pruning of fully connected layers, suggesting a possible implementation to considerably reduce the complexity of over-parameterized AI tasks.

Overparameterization, the condition where models have more parameters than necessary to fit their training loss, is a crucial factor for the success of deep learning. However, the characteristics of the features learned by overparameterized networks are not well understood. In this work, we explore this question by comparing models with the same architecture but different widths. We first examine the expressivity of the features of these models, and show that the feature space of overparameterized networks cannot be spanned by concatenating many underparameterized features, and vice versa. This reveals that both overparameterized and underparameterized networks acquire some distinctive features. We then evaluate the performance of these models, and find that overparameterized networks outperform underparameterized networks, even when many of the latter are concatenated. We corroborate these findings using a VGG-16 and ResNet18 on CIFAR-10 and a Transformer on the MNLI classification dataset. Finally, we propose a toy setting to explain how overparameterized networks can learn some important features that the underparamaterized networks cannot learn. Overparameterized neural networks, which have more parameters than necessary to fit the training data, have achieved remarkable success in various tasks, such as image classification (He et al., 2016; Krizhevsky et al., 2017), object detection (Girshick et al., 2014; Redmon et al., 2016) or text classification (Zhang et al., 2015; Johnson & Zhang, 2016). However, the theoretical understanding of why these networks outperform underparameterized ones, which have fewer parameters and less capacity, is still limited.