Motivation to learn new things and engage with life declines with age due to falling activity in a brain circuit that weighs costs and benefits, a study on mice suggested. US experts have been studying'striosomes' -- clusters of cells in the basal ganglia, a brain area linked to habit formation, movement control, emotion and addiction. They team found that striosomes are key to the decision making process when dealing with'approach-avoidance conflict' -- when a choice has both pros and cons. For example, one such thorny problem might be whether or not to take a new job that pays better, but would also call for a move away from family and friends. Working with mice, the researchers found that striosomal activity is correlated to the evaluation of costs and benefits -- but that this activity diminishes with age.

Vast information from the neurosciences may enable bottom-up understanding of human intelligence; that is, derivation of function from mechanism. This article describes such a research program: simulation and analysis of the circuits of the brain has led to derivation of a detailed set of elemental and composed operations emerging from individual and combined circuits. The specific hypothesis is forwarded that these operations constitute the "instruction set" of the brain, that is, the basic mental operations from which all complex behavioral and cognitive abilities are constructed, establishing a unified formalism for description of human faculties ranging from perception and learning to reasoning and language, and representing a novel and potentially fruitful research path for the construction of human-level intelligence. Attempts to construct intelligent systems are strongly impeded by the lack of formal specifications of natural intelligence, which is defined solely in terms of observed and measured human (or animal) abilities, so candidate computational descriptions of human-level intelligence are necessarily underconstrained. This simple fact underlies Turing's proposed test for intelligence: lacking any specification to test against, the sole measures at that time were empirical observations of behavior, even though such behaviors may be fitted by multiple different hypotheses and simulated by many different proposed architectures.

Vast information from the neurosciences may enable bottom-up understanding of human intelligence; that is, derivation of function from mechanism. This article describes such a research program: simulation and analysis of the circuits of the brain has led to derivation of a detailed set of elemental and composed operations emerging from individual and combined circuits. The specific hypothesis is forwarded that these operations constitute the "instruction set" of the brain, that is, the basic mental operations from which all complex behavioral and cognitive abilities are constructed, establishing a unified formalism for description of human faculties ranging from perception and learning to reasoning and language, and representing a novel and potentially fruitful research path for the construction of human- level intelligence.