The welcome was given by University of Pittsburgh President Wesley Posvar. The conference cochairmen, Stellan Ohlsson and Jeff Bonar, also gave brief welcomes to the participants. The relatively small size of the conference, about 425 participants, was undoubtedly in part responsible for the congenial ambiance of the meeting. In addition to the opportunity to reunite with old friends, it was easy to establish new relationships with nearly everyone at the conference. With so many attendees from abroad (The Netherlands, Japan, Canada, West Germany, England, Sweden, France, and Hong Kong were all represented by speakers), the international flavor of the conference was well established.

Computer Scaence Department Yale University THE COGNITION AND PROGRAMMING PROJECT (CAPP) in the Computer Science Department at Yale University is an interdisciplinary group exploring a wide range of issues in programming. 'This project is currently being funded by NSF RISE, under grant number SED-81-12403 'This project is currently being funded by NSF IST, under grant number IST-81-14840 We have also shown that when the language construct, agrees with people's natural problem solving strategies they can learn to use such constructs effectively. The implication is that language dcsigners should be more sensitive to cognitive capabilities which people bring to programming and that computing educators should be aware of the systematic misconceptions which arise due to cognztively poor programming language constructs. Using our theory of programming plans, we are developing measures of program complexity that are based on the underlying mental effort needed to understand programs. This approach is in contrast to typical measures of program complexity which are sensitive to only surface features of programs.

Opinions expressed in this report are those 3. COUNT possesses a repertoire of of the authors, and do not necessarily

As Soloway attracted over 400 pnrticipants from all of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn., described the changes in what he felt over the world who gathered to present 8-10 May 1987. The conference the construction of mechanisms and concerning AI and education This article cochairmen, Stellan Ohlsson and explanations last year to the design of presents a synopsis of the major Jeff Bonar, also gave brief welcomes to artifacts today, he was clearly giving presentations and an overview the participants. With so about transference, leading Soloway many attendees from abroad (The to conclude that transference is not Netherlands, Japan, Canada, West the ultimate goal for teaching and Germany, England, Sweden, France, tutoring programming. Instead, the and Hong Kong were all represented concern should be for the development by speakers), the international flavor of synthesis skills and "highorder of the conference was well established. The obvious disappointment This model does not vary significantly of the audience could be from standard software engineering felt. However, instead of giving the opening address, "Programming requiring these steps be followed in a as Artifact Design." This change strict order, Soloway contends that worked out well because Soloway the way real programmers work best acted like a cheerleader, getting the is to bounce from one stage to another crowd fired up about the subject of AI as the need arises. WINTER 1987 97 Andy di Sessa, in his talk "Social much rigidity has recently been the differences between beginner and Niches for Future Software," focused imposed on programmers by the engi-expert. Finally, Wender suggested that on the need to provide a medium neering approach. He demonstrated him, one could easily mistake him for teacher. Some of the kinds of software he felt should ... He considers current applications to be "the He also suggested that "current programming is to synthesis as a hammer is to a thumb. Each is as likely to challenge to the computer science der was echoed by Ben du Boulay in cause pain as [it is] to get the job community to develop higher-level "What Should a Programming Environment done." The Like?" Bonar's comment in his opening Beyond the usual categories supplied emphasis should be on synthesis welcome that we are "on the verge by the conference structure, several skills for designing, generating, and of a breakthrough" in developing themes linked many of the papers evaluating alternative artifacts that tutoring systems concerned du and presentations.

In the restaurant script, notated as $RESTAURANT, the roles might directly to the United Press International Yale researchers explored intentionality include customer, waitress, and cook; news wire and could skim news One of the earliest programs to the props could be a menu, table, and stories in dozens of different domains, embody goals and plans within the silverware; the locations could be the and produce summaries in several languages. CD paradigm was Jim Meehan's bar, dining area, and kitchen; and the On the DEC-20 (which by TALESPIN, which made up stories events would include arriving, seating, 1978 had replaced the PDP-101, similar to the fables of Aesop.

THE COGNITION AND PROGRAMMING PROJECT (CAPP) to use such constructs effectively. Dr. Elliot Soloway, Assistant Professor; Dr. Kate which people bring to programming and that computing Ehrlich, Research Associate Lewis Johnson; Jeff Bonar; Valerie Abbott which arise due to cognztively poor programming language constructs. Work is currently in progress on the following projects: What do experts/novices know about programming. 'This project is currently being funded by NSF RISE, under grant'This project is currently being funded by NSF IST, under grant number TIIE AI MAGAZINE Winter/Spring 1083 17 then many individuals will not be able to acquire such languages; Soloway, E., Woolf, B., Rubin, E., Bonar, J. (1982) Overview moreover, it appears beneficial from a problem solving Vancouver, B.C. the empirical projects, we are actively engaged in building an Bonar, J., Ehrlich, K., Soloway, E., Rubin, E. (1982) Collecting AIbased tutoring system, PROUST, which can assist novice Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation, this system is to identify non-syntactic bugs in a student's Recent CAPP publications are listed below. What Do Novices Know About Programming?

Our program in AI is part of the larger departmental focal area of cybernetics which integrates both AI and brain theory (BT). Our research also draws upon a new and expanding interdepartmental program in cognitive science that brings together researchers in cybernetics, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. This interdisciplinary approach to AI has already led to a number of fruitful collaborations in the areas of cooperative computation, learning, natural language parsing, and vision.