Being able to predict the course of arbitrary chemical reactions is essential to the theory and applications of organic chemistry. Previous approaches are not highthroughput, are not generalizable or scalable, or lack sufficient data to be effective. We describe single mechanistic reactions as concerted electron movements from an electron orbital source to an electron orbital sink. We use an existing rule-based expert system to derive a dataset consisting of 2,989 productive mechanistic steps and 6.14 million non-productive mechanistic steps. We then pose identifying productive mechanistic steps as a ranking problem: rank potential orbital interactions such that the top ranked interactions yield the major products.

Being able to predict the course of arbitrary chemical reactions is essential to the theory and applications of organic chemistry. Previous approaches are not high-throughput, are not generalizable or scalable, or lack sufficient data to be effective. We describe single mechanistic reactions as concerted electron movements from an electron orbital source to an electron orbital sink. We use an existing rule-based expert system to derive a dataset consisting of 2,989 productive mechanistic steps and 6.14 million non-productive mechanistic steps. We then pose identifying productive mechanistic steps as a ranking problem: rank potential orbital interactions such that the top ranked interactions yield the major products.

The solution to prevent maternal complications are known and preventable by trained health professionals. But in countries like Ethiopia where the patient to physician ratio is 1 doctor to 1000 patients, maternal mortality and morbidity rate is high. To fill the gap of highly trained health professionals, Ethiopia introduced health extension programs. Task shifting to health extension workers (HEWs) contributed in decreasing mortality and morbidity rate in Ethiopia. Knowledge-gap has been one of the major challenges to HEWs. The reasons are trainings are not given in regular manner, there is no midwife, gynecologists or doctors around for consultation, and all guidelines are paper-based which are easily exposed to damage. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a web-based expert system for maternal care. We only targeted the major 10 diseases and complication of maternal health issues seen in Sub-Saharan Africa. The expert system can be accessed through the use of web browsers from computers as well as smart phones. Forward chaining rule-based expert system is used in order to give suggestions and create a new knowledge from the knowledge-base. This expert system can be used to train HEWs in the field of maternal health. Keywords: expert system, maternal care, forward-chaining, rule-based expert system, PHLIPS

Being able to predict the course of arbitrary chemical reactions is essential to the theory and applications of organic chemistry. Previous approaches are not high-throughput, are not generalizable or scalable, or lack sufficient data to be effective. We describe single mechanistic reactions as concerted electron movements from an electron orbital source to an electron orbital sink. We use an existing rule-based expert system to derive a dataset consisting of 2,989 productive mechanistic steps and 6.14 million non-productive mechanistic steps. We then pose identifying productive mechanistic steps as a ranking problem: rank potential orbital interactions such that the top ranked interactions yield the major products.

This is an integrative review that address the question, "What makes for a good explanation?" with reference to AI systems. Pertinent literatures are vast. Thus, this review is necessarily selective. That said, most of the key concepts and issues are expressed in this Report. The Report encapsulates the history of computer science efforts to create systems that explain and instruct (intelligent tutoring systems and expert systems). The Report expresses the explainability issues and challenges in modern AI, and presents capsule views of the leading psychological theories of explanation. Certain articles stand out by virtue of their particular relevance to XAI, and their methods, results, and key points are highlighted. It is recommended that AI/XAI researchers be encouraged to include in their research reports fuller details on their empirical or experimental methods, in the fashion of experimental psychology research reports: details on Participants, Instructions, Procedures, Tasks, Dependent Variables (operational definitions of the measures and metrics), Independent Variables (conditions), and Control Conditions.

Abstract--Drought forecasting and prediction is a complicated process due to the complexity and scalability of the environmental parameters involved. Hence, it required a high level of expertise to predict. In this paper, we describe the research and development of a rule-based drought early warning expert systems (RB-DEWES) for forecasting drought using local indigenous knowledge obtained from domain experts. The system generates inference by using rule set and provides drought advisory information with attributed certainty factor (CF) based on the user's input. The system is believed to be the first expert system for drought forecasting to use local indigenous knowledge on drought. The architecture and components such as knowledge base, JESS inference engine and model base of the system and their functions are presented. The intricate complexity of drought has always been a stumbling block for drought forecasting and prediction systems [1]. This is mostly due to the web of environmental events (such as climate variability) that directly/indirectly triggers this environmental phenomenon. There are six broad categories of drought: meteorological, climatological, atmospheric, agricultural, hydrologic and water drought [1]. Nevertheless, irrespective of the category of drought, there is a consensus amongst scientist that drought is a disastrous condition of lack of moisture caused by a deficit in precipitation in a certain geographical region over some time period [2]. The effect of drought can be quantified based on the frequency, duration and intensity in the affected region subject to established timescales.

I have written several articles on Artificial Neural Networks, but they were just random articles on random concepts. This series of articles will give you a detailed idea of Artificial Neural Networks and concepts related to it. The resources and references to all the contents will be mentioned at the end of the series so you can study all of the concepts in depth. So, let's start with a very basic question, "What is AI and what are Artificial Neural Networks?" In this very first article in this series I will try to answer this basic questions and then we will go ahead in depth in further articles.

I have written several articles on Artificial Neural Networks earlier but they were just random articles on random concepts. This series of articles will give you a detailed idea about Artificial neural networks and concepts related to it. The resources and references to all the contents will be mentioned at the end of series so you can study all concepts in depth. So, let's start with a very basic question what is AI and what are artificial neural networks? In this very first article in this series I will try to answer this basic questions and then we will go ahead in depth in further articles.

We describe a program for verifying that a set of rules in an expert system comprehensively spans the knowledge of a specialized domain. The program has been devised and tested within the context of the ONCOCIN System, a rule-based consultant for clinical oncology The stylized format of ONCOCIN's I ules has allowed the automatic detection of a number of common errors as the knowledge base has been developed This capability suggests a general mechanism for correcting many problems with knowledge base completeness and consistency before they can cause pel fol mancc errors THI? BUILDERS FAKNOWI,EDGE-BASED cxpertsystern must ensure t,hat, t.he system will give its users accurate advice or correct solutions to t,heir problems. The process of verifying that a system is accurate and reliable has two distinct components: checking t,hat the knowledge base contains all necessary information and verifying that the program can interpret, and apply this information correctly. This process involves testing and refining the system's knowledge in order t,o discover and correct a variet.y of errors that, can arise during the process of transferring expertise from a human expert, to a computer syst,em. In this paper, we discuss some common problems in knowledge acquisition and debugging, and describe an aut,omxt,ed assistant for checking t,he completeness and consistency of the knowledge base in the ONCOCIN system (ShortJiffc, 1981).

We describe a fully data driven model that learns to perform a retrosynthetic reaction prediction task, which is treated as a sequence-to-sequence mapping problem. The end-to-end trained model has an encoder-decoder architecture that consists of two recurrent neural networks, which has previously shown great success in solving other sequence-to-sequence prediction tasks such as machine translation. The model is trained on 50,000 experimental reaction examples from the United States patent literature, which span 10 broad reaction types that are commonly used by medicinal chemists. We find that our model performs comparably with a rule-based expert system baseline model, and also overcomes certain limitations associated with rule-based expert systems and with any machine learning approach that contains a rule-based expert system component. Our model provides an important first step towards solving the challenging problem of computational retrosynthetic analysis.