Explainability techniques are currently developed and incorporated by machine learning engineers, and not surprisingly, their needs (and companies' desire to avoid legal trouble) are being prioritized.Realizing a broader set of XAI objectives will require both greater awareness of their existence and a shift in incentives for accomplishing them. XAI standards and policy guidelines should explicitly include the needs of users, stakeholders, and impacted communities to incentivize this shift. Explainability case studies are one pedagogical tool that can help practitioners and educators understand and develop more holistic explainability strategies. Diverse organizational guidance documents, recommendations, and high-level frameworks can also help guide an organizations' executives and/or developers through key questions to support explainability that is useful and relevant to different stakeholders. While there has been some work done to evaluate AI explanations, most attempts are either computationally expensive or only focus on a small subset of what constitutes a "good explanation" and fail to capture other dimensions.

Emergency managers receive communication training about the importance of being 'first, right and credible', and taking into account the psychology of their audience and their particular reasoning under stress and risk. But we believe that citizens should be similarly trained about how to deal with risk communication. In particular, such messages necessarily carry a part of uncertainty since most natural risks are difficult to accurately forecast ahead of time. Yet, citizens should keep trusting the emergency communicators even after they made forecasting errors in the past. We have designed a serious game called Vigiflood, based on a real case study of flash floods hitting the South West of France in October 2018. In this game, the user changes perspective by taking the role of an emergency communicator, having to set the level of vigilance to alert the population, based on uncertain clues. Our hypothesis is that this change of perspective can improve the player's awareness and response to future flood vigilance announcements. We evaluated this game through an online survey where people were asked to answer a questionnaire about flood risk awareness and behavioural intentions before and after playing the game, in order to assess its impact.

The challenges of effective health risk communication are well known. This paper provides pointers to the health communication literature that discuss these problems. Tailoring printed information, visual displays, and interactive multimedia have been proposed in the health communication literature as promising approaches. On-line risk communication applications are increasing on the internet. However, potential effectiveness of applications using conventional computer technology is limited. We propose that use of artificial intelligence, building upon research in Intelligent Tutoring Systems, might be able to overcome these limitations.

Design of effective health communication systems faces major challenges in terms of accessibility, trust, expert-to-lay knowledge translation, and persuasiveness. It is proposed that some of these challenges can be addressed by use of AI techniques in combination with empirically-based theoretical frameworks from the field of health communication and related areas. This symposium will bring together an interdisciplinary group of scholars to identify possible solutions. AI and health communication topics of interest include communication interventions; games, conversational agents, or dialogue systems for healthy behavior promotion; intelligent interactive monitoring of patient's environment and needs; intelligent interfaces supporting access to healthcare; patient-tailored decision support, explanation for informed consent, and retrieval and summarization of online healthcare information; risk communication and visualization; tailored access to electronic medical records; tailoring health information for low-literacy, low-numeracy, or under-served audiences; virtual healthcare counselors; and virtual patients for training healthcare professionals. Scholars from health communication and related disciplines (sociolinguistics, pragmatics, discourse studies, etc.) will participate in discussion on the following issues as they pertain to the symposium goals: health literacy; healthcare provider-consumer communication, risk communication, including written and visual formats; and use of behavioral, persuasion, and argumentation theories for healthy behavior promotion. By examining these issues, the symposium is expected to lay down conceptual foundations for guiding future advances in AI healthcare systems.