Timothy Gardner is the Founder and the CEO of Riffyn. He was previously Vice President of Research & Development at Amyris, where he led the engineering of yeast strain and processes technology for large-scale bio-manufacturing of renewable chemicals. Earlier, he was an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Boston University, the Founder of Cellicon Biotechnologies, and a Programmer at ALK Associates. Tim has been recognized for his pioneering work in Synthetic Biology by Scientific American, the New Scientist, Nature, Technology Review, and the New York Times. He also served as an advisor to the European Union Scientific Committees and the Boston University Engineering Alumni Advisory Board.

A few months into my postdoc, an Excel spreadsheet dealt me quite a blow. As I was preparing to perform some statistical analyses, I made a horrifying discovery: some of my sample metadata had been incorrectly merged into a single Excel spreadsheet. The metadata had to be fixed, and all of the preliminary analyses I had done had to be repeated. Sadly, even after fixing my metadata, the dataset was unsalvageable. Not enough samples had been collected and categorical metadata were missing for some samples -- there were no statistical tests I could do to identify any meaningful patterns.

For a deep dive into emerging AI techniques and technologies, join us September 26-27, 2016, for the O'Reilly Artificial Intelligence Conference in New York. If a figure be anyhow divided and the compartments differently coloured so that figures with any portion of common boundary line are differently coloured--four colours may be wanted, but not more--the following is the case in which four colours are wanted. Query cannot a necessity for five or more be invented. That is, you'll never need more than four colors on an ordinary two-dimensional map in order to color every country differently from the countries adjoining it. A proof for the four-color conjecture evaded mathematicians until 1976, when Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken announced a solution.

For a deep dive into emerging AI techniques and technologies, join us September 26-27, 2016, for the O'Reilly Artificial Intelligence Conference in New York. If a figure be anyhow divided and the compartments differently coloured so that figures with any portion of common boundary line are differently coloured--four colours may be wanted, but not more--the following is the case in which four colours are wanted. Query cannot a necessity for five or more be invented. That is, you'll never need more than four colors on an ordinary two-dimensional map in order to color every country differently from the countries adjoining it. A proof for the four-color conjecture evaded mathematicians until 1976, when Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken announced a solution.