Knowledge Distillation is the mechanism by which the insights gained from a larger teacher model are transferred to a smaller student model.

In the supplementary, we first discuss the experimental details and hyperparameters in Section A. Section B, and further present the visualization in RLBench in Section C. Finally, we discuss how to MLP with 512 hidden units and Mish activations. The probability ϵ of random actions is set to 0. 03 in Stochastic Environments. So the sampled trajectories still lead to the collision. Figure 1 illustrates a problematic sampled trajectory after execution. We further evaluate the performance with different replanning steps in Table 1.

Given a previously generated plan, how do we effectively regenerate a new plan?

We propose the LCB-CV-UNet to tackle performance degradation caused by High Dynamic Range (HDR) radar signals. Initially, a hardware-efficient, plug-and-play module named Logarithmic Connect Block (LCB) is proposed as a phase coherence preserving solution to address the inherent challenges in handling HDR features. Then, we propose the Dual Hybrid Dataset Construction method to generate a semi-synthetic dataset, approximating typical HDR signal scenarios with adjustable target distributions. Simulation results show about 1% total detection probability improvement with under 0.9% computational complexity added compared with the baseline. Furthermore, it excels 5% over the baseline at the range in 11-13 dB signal-to-noise ratio typical for urban targets. Finally, the real experiment validates the practicality of our model.

In large part, rodents "see" the world through their whiskers, a powerful tactile

Foundation models are increasingly developed in computational pathology (CPath) given their promise in facilitating many downstream tasks. While recent studies have evaluated task performance across models, less is known about the structure and variability of their learned representations. Here, we systematically analyze the representational spaces of six CPath foundation models using techniques popularized in computational neuroscience. The models analyzed span vision-language contrastive learning (CONCH, PLIP, KEEP) and self-distillation (UNI (v2), Virchow (v2), Prov-GigaPath) approaches. Through representational similarity analysis using H&E image patches from TCGA, we find that UNI2 and Virchow2 have the most distinct representational structures, whereas Prov-Gigapath has the highest average similarity across models. Having the same training paradigm (vision-only vs. vision-language) did not guarantee higher representational similarity. The representations of all models showed a high slide-dependence, but relatively low disease-dependence. Stain normalization decreased slide-dependence for all models by a range of 5.5% (CONCH) to 20.5% (PLIP). In terms of intrinsic dimensionality, vision-language models demonstrated relatively compact representations, compared to the more distributed representations of vision-only models. These findings highlight opportunities to improve robustness to slide-specific features, inform model ensembling strategies, and provide insights into how training paradigms shape model representations. Our framework is extendable across medical imaging domains, where probing the internal representations of foundation models can support their effective development and deployment.

Here, we ask: how are the input vocabulary representations of language models structured, and how and when does this structure evolve over training? To answer this question, we use representational similarity analysis, running a suite of experiments that correlate the geometric structure of the input embeddings and output embeddings of two open-source models (Pythia 12B and OLMo 7B) with semantic, syntactic, and frequency-based metrics over the course of training. Our key findings are as follows: 1) During training, the vocabulary embedding geometry quickly converges to high correlations with a suite of semantic and syntactic features; 2) Embeddings of high-frequency and function words (e.g., "the," "of") converge to their final vectors faster than lexical and low-frequency words, which retain some alignment with the bias in their random initializations. These findings help map the dynamic trajectory by which input embeddings organize around linguistic structure, revealing distinct roles for word frequency and function. Our findings motivate a deeper study of how the evolution of vocabulary geometry may facilitate specific capability gains during model training. Token embeddings are the input vectors to transformer language models. The information that differentiates one input from another, and spurs the diverse and complex processing in large language models, all originates in the vector space of the token embeddings. Understanding the structure of vocabulary embedding representation is therefore a fundamental step in the effort to trace and interpret the internal mechanisms of language models. In this paper, we analyze the representational space of the token embeddings of 153 Pythia 12-billion checkpoints (Biderman et al., 2023) and 186 OLMo 7-billion checkpoints (Groeneveld et al., 2024), and analyze how the representational relationships in the vocabulary matrix form over the course of training.

In the supplementary, we first discuss the experimental details and hyperparameters in Section A. Section B, and further present the visualization in RLBench in Section C. Finally, we discuss how to MLP with 512 hidden units and Mish activations. The probability ϵ of random actions is set to 0. 03 in Stochastic Environments. So the sampled trajectories still lead to the collision. Figure 1 illustrates a problematic sampled trajectory after execution. We further evaluate the performance with different replanning steps in Table 1.