And Then Came the PACS was one of the most important articles I have read in my professional life. It was published about 5 years ago in JAMA by Joseph Henry Hise, MD. Dr. Hise eloquently explained how the introduction of PACS had unintended consequences. Consequences that were not fully considered when the profession adopted the technology in the early 2000's. PACS changed radiology, and in some cases, not for the better.

Powerful deep learning algorithms open an opportunity for solving non-image Machine Learning (ML) problems by transforming these problems to into the image recognition problems. The CPC-R algorithm presented in this chapter converts non-image data into images by visualizing non-image data. Then deep learning CNN algorithms solve the learning problems on these images. The design of the CPC-R algorithm allows preserving all high-dimensional information in 2-D images. The use of pair values mapping instead of single value mapping used in the alternative approaches allows encoding each n-D point with 2 times fewer visual elements.