To tackle this issue, we conducted the theoretical analysis to promote the effectiveness of contrast decoding.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various tasks using the in-context learning (ICL) paradigm.

Typically, preference optimization is approached as an offline supervised learning task using manually crafted convex loss functions. While these methods are based on theoretical insights, they are inherently constrained by human creativity, so the large search space of possible loss functions remains under-explored.

The Appendix is structured as follows: We provide a proof of conditional guarantees in EENNs for (hard) PoE in Appendix A . We conduct an ablation study for our P A model in Appendix B.2 . We report results of NLP experiments in Appendix B.4 . We discuss anytime regression and deep ensembles in Appendix B.6 . We propose a technique for controlling the violations of conditional monotonicity in P A in Appendix B.8 .