Third, the value expansion approaches, such as [11, 12], use model-augmented rollouts to improve the estimation accuracyofcumulativereturns.

Modern neural interfaces allow access to the activity of up to a million neurons withinbraincircuits.

We introduce LatentTrack (LT), a sequential neural architecture for online probabilistic prediction under nonstationary dynamics. LT performs causal Bayesian filtering in a low-dimensional latent space and uses a lightweight hypernetwork to generate predictive model parameters at each time step, enabling constant-time online adaptation without per-step gradient updates. At each time step, a learned latent model predicts the next latent distribution, which is updated via amortized inference using new observations, yielding a predict--generate--update filtering framework in function space. The formulation supports both structured (Markovian) and unstructured latent dynamics within a unified objective, while Monte Carlo inference over latent trajectories produces calibrated predictive mixtures with fixed per-step cost. Evaluated on long-horizon online regression using the Jena Climate benchmark, LT consistently achieves lower negative log-likelihood and mean squared error than stateful sequential and static uncertainty-aware baselines, with competitive calibration, demonstrating that latent-conditioned function evolution is an effective alternative to traditional latent-state modeling under distribution shift.