Vehicle routing problems have been the focus of extensive research over the past sixty years, driven by their economic importance and their theoretical interest. The diversity of applications has motivated the study of a myriad of problem variants with different attributes. In this article, we provide a brief survey of existing and emerging problem variants. Models are typically refined along three lines: considering more relevant objectives and performance metrics, integrating vehicle routing evaluations with other tactical decisions, and capturing fine-grained yet essential aspects of modern supply chains. We organize the main problem attributes within this structured framework. We discuss recent research directions and pinpoint current shortcomings, recent successes, and emerging challenges.

New and innovative technologies are making their way into clinical trials. But which have the greatest potential to transform studies? "We are currently seeing emerging digital technologies which have an incredible potential to unlock the next chapter of medical innovation," says Jake LaPorte, head of digital development for Novartis. "Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are two disruptive but complementary technologies that are beginning to find broad applications, not just in pharma but in all of our society. They're likely to have profound effects on the underpinnings of our economy and our society more broadly, much as the internet has."