Recent work in machine learning increasingly attributes human-like capabilities such as reasoning or theory of mind to large language models (LLMs) on the basis of benchmark performance. This paper examines this practice through the lens of construct validity, understood as the problem of linking theoretical capabilities to their empirical measurements. It contrasts three influential frameworks: the nomological account developed by Cronbach and Meehl, the inferential account proposed by Messick and refined by Kane, and Borsboom's causal account. I argue that the nomological account provides the most suitable foundation for current LLM capability research. It avoids the strong ontological commitments of the causal account while offering a more substantive framework for articulating construct meaning than the inferential account. I explore the conceptual implications of adopting the nomological account for LLM research through a concrete case: the assessment of reasoning capabilities in LLMs.

TextDiffuser consists of two stages: first, a Transformer model generates the layout of keywords extracted from text prompts, and then diffusion models generate images conditioned on the text prompt and the generated layout.

We decreased the confidence threshold to 0.1 to increase article and headline The following specifications were used: { resolution: 256, learning rate: 2e-3 }. This limit is binding for common words, e.g., "the". The recognizer is trained using the Supervised Contrastive ("SupCon") loss function [7], a gener-45 In particular, we work with the "outside" SupCon loss formulation We use a MobileNetV3 (Small) encoder pre-trained on ImageNet1k sourced from the timm [19] We use 0.1 as the temperature for Center Cropping, to avoid destroying too much information. C (Small) model that is developed in [2] for character recognition. If multiple article bounding boxes satisfy these rules for a given headline, then we take the highest.

These sentence pairs will serve as a means to evaluate machines' commonsense reasoning abilities under different extra-linguistic contexts.

Recently, commonsense reasoning in text generation has attracted much attention. Generative commonsense reasoning is the task that requires machines, given a group of keywords, to compose a single coherent sentence with commonsense plausibility. While existing datasets targeting generative commonsense reasoning focus on everyday scenarios, it is unclear how well machines reason under specific geographical and temporal contexts.

T5) to generate an auxiliary directional stimulus prompt for each input instance.

Several studies have attempted to reduce the number of image-text pairs used for vision-language pre-training.

The keywords were extracted using the procedure described in SectionC. The restricted part of the Muharaf dataset has 428 images distributed under a proprietary license.