James Harden scored 7 points during the Los Angeles Clippers' Game 7 loss to the Denver Nuggets. Nick Wright and Kevin Wildes discuss Harden's history of choking in the playoffs. NBA fans' viewing experience will look different later this year, but there will also be a touch of nostalgia. Last summer, Comcast/NBC Universal closed an 11-year agreement for the rights to regular and postseason NBA and WNBA games. Those games will be presented across the network's linear and streaming platforms beginning with the 2025-26 season.

Since the early 1970s, researchers in computer-based medical reasoning have begun to recognize the potential benefits of applying symbolic reasoning techniques in clinical domains (see Chapter 3). One such research group is the Heuristic Programming Project at Stanford University. The first medical reasoning program developed by the project, known as the MYCIN system (Shortliffe, 1976), adopted symbolic processing techniques largely in response to a conviction that computer-based consultation systems, in order to be accepted by physicians, should be able to explain how and why a particular conclusion has been derived. Such systems should also be able to incorporate, organize, manipulate, and update large quantities of medical knowledge. Subsequently, a series of additional medical application programs using MYCIN's techniques has been created.

Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Using Rules The Evolution of MYCIN's Rule Form The Structure of the MYCIN System William van Melle Details of the Consultation System Edward H. Shortliffe Details of the Revised Therapy Algorithm WiUiam J. Clancey Building a Knowledge Base Knowledge Engineering Completeness and Consistency in a Rule-Based System Motoi Suwa, A. Carlisle Scott, and Edward H. Shortliffe Interactive Transfer of Expertise Randall Davis Reasoning Under Uncertainty Uncertainty and Evidential Support A Model of Inexact Reasoning in Medicine Edward H. Shortliffe and Bruce G. Buchanan Probabilistic Reasoning and Certainty Factors J. Barclay Adams 55 67 78 133 149 159 171 209 233 263

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is largely an experimental science—at least as much progress has been made by building and analyzing programs as by examining theoretical questions. MYCIN is one of several well-known programs that embody some intelligence and provide data on the extent to which intelligent behavior can be programmed. As with other AI programs, its development was slow and not always in a forward direction. But we feel we learned some useful lessons in the course of nearly a decade of work on MYCIN and related programs. In this book we share the results of many experiments performed in that time, and we try to paint a coherent picture of the work. The book is intended to be a critical analysis of several pieces of related research, performed by a large number of scientists. We believe that the whole field of AI will benefit from such attempts to take a detailed retrospective look at experiments, for in this way the scientific foundations of the field will gradually be defined. It is for all these reasons that we have prepared this analysis of the MYCIN experiments.ContentsContributorsForewordAllen NewellPrefacePart One: BackgroundChapter 1—The Context of the MYCIN ExperimentsChapter 2—The Origin of Rule-Based Systems in AIRandall Davis and Jonathan J. KingPart Two: Using RulesChapter 3—The Evolution of MYCIN’s Rule FormChapter 4—The Structure of the MYCIN SystemWilliam van MelleChapter 5—Details of the Consultation SystemEdward H. ShortliffeChapter 6—Details of the Revised Therapy AlgorithmWilliam J. ClanceyPart Three: Building a Knowledge BaseChapter 7—Knowledge EngineeringChapter 8—Completeness and Consistency in a Rule-Based SystemMotoi Suwa, A. Carlisle Scott, and Edward H. ShortliffeChapter 9—Interactive Transfer of ExpertiseRandall Davis[#p4]] Part Four: Reasoning Under UncertaintyChapter 10—Uncertainty and Evidential SupportChapter 11—A Model of Inexact Reasoning in MedicineEdward H. Shortliffe and Bruce G. BuchananChapter 12—Probabilistic Reasoning and Certainty FactorsJ. Barclay AdamsChapter 13—The Dempster-Shafer Theory of EvidenceJean Gordon and Edward H. ShortliffePart Five: Generalizing MYCINChapter 14—Use of the MYCIN Inference EngineChapter 15—EMYCIN: A Knowledge Engineer’s Tool for Constructing Rule-Based Expert SystemsWilliam van Melle, Edward H. Shortliffe, and Bruce G. BuchananChapter 16—Experience Using EMYCINJames S. Bennett and Robert S. EngelmorePart Six: Explaining the ReasoningChapter 17—Explanation as a Topic of AI ResearchChapter 18—Methods for Generating ExplanationsA. Carlisle Scott, William J. Clancey, Randall Davis, and Edward H. ShortliffeChapter 19—Specialized Explanations for Dosage SelectionSharon Wraith Bennett and A. Carlisle ScottChapter 20—Customized Explanations Using Causal KnowledgeJerold W. Wallis and Edward H. ShortliffePart Seven: Using Other RepresentationsChapter 21—Other Representation FrameworksChapter 22—Extensions to the Rule-Based Formalism for a Monitoring TaskLawrence M. Fagan, John C. Kunz, Edward A. Feigenbaum, and John J. OsbornChapter 23—A Representation Scheme Using Both Frames and RulesJanice S. AikinsChapter 24—Another Look at FramesDavid E. Smith and Jan E. ClaytonPart Eight: TutoringChapter 25—Intelligent Computer-Aided InstructionChapter 26—Use of MYCIN’s Rules for TutoringWilliam J. ClanceyPart Nine: Augmenting the RulesChapter 27—Additional Knowledge StructuresChapter 28—Meta-Level KnowledgeRandall Davis and Bruce G. BuchananChapter 29—Extensions to Rules for Explanation and TutoringWilliam J. ClanceyPart Ten: Evaluating PerformanceChapter 30—The Problem of EvaluationChapter 31—An Evaluation of MYCIN’s AdviceVictor L. Yu, Lawrence M. Fagan, Sharon Wraith Bennett, William J . Clancey, A. Carlisle Scott, John F. Hannigan, Robert L. Blum, Bruce G. Buchanan, and Stanley N. CohenPart Eleven: Designing for Human UseChapter 32—Human Engineering of Medical Expert SystemsChapter 33—Strategies for Understanding Structured EnglishAlain BonnetChapter 34—An Analysis of Physicians’ AttitudesRandy L. Teach and Edward H. ShortliffeChapter 35—An Expert System for Oncology Protocol ManagementEdward H. Shortliffe, A. Carlisle Scott, Miriam B. Bischoff, A. Bruce Campbell, William van MeUe, and Charlotte D. JacobsPart Twelve: ConclusionsChapter 36—Major Lessons from This WorkEpilogAppendixReferencesName IndexSubject IndexReading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.