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Missing At Random as Covariate Shift: Correcting Bias in Iterative Imputation
Shannon, Luke, Liu, Song, Reluga, Katarzyna
Accurate imputation of missing data is critical to downstream machine learning performance. We formulate missing data imputation as a risk minimisation problem, which highlights a covariate shift between the observed and unobserved data distributions. This covariate shift induced bias is not accounted for by popular imputation methods and leads to suboptimal performance. In this paper, we derive theoretically valid importance weights that correct for the induced distributional bias. Furthermore, we propose a novel imputation algorithm that jointly estimates both the importance weights and imputation models, enabling bias correction throughout the imputation process. Empirical results across benchmark datasets show reductions in root mean squared error and Wasserstein distance of up to 7% and 20%, respectively, compared to otherwise identical unweighted methods.
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Principled Weight Initialisation for Input-Convex Neural Networks
Input-Convex Neural Networks (ICNNs) are networks that guarantee convexity in their input-output mapping. These networks have been successfully applied for energy-based modelling, optimal transport problems and learning invariances. The convexity of ICNNs is achieved by using non-decreasing convex activation functions and non-negative weights. Because of these peculiarities, previous initialisation strategies, which implicitly assume centred weights, are not effective for ICNNs. By studying signal propagation through layers with non-negative weights, we are able to derive a principled weight initialisation for ICNNs. Concretely, we generalise signal propagation theory by removing the assumption that weights are sampled from a centred distribution. In a set of experiments, we demonstrate that our principled initialisation effectively accelerates learning in ICNNs and leads to better generalisation. Moreover, we find that, in contrast to common belief, ICNNs can be trained without skip-connections when initialised correctly. Finally, we apply ICNNs to a real-world drug discovery task and show that they allow for more effective molecular latent space exploration.
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