During Sudan's civil war, which erupted in April 2023, both sides have increasingly relied on drones, and civilians have borne the brunt of the carnage. The conflict between the Sudanese armed forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) paramilitary group is an example of war transformed by commercially available, easily concealable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones. Modular, well-adapted to sanctions evasions and devastatingly effective, drones have killed scores of civilians, crippled infrastructure and plunged Sudanese cities into darkness. In this visual investigation, Al Jazeera examines the history of drone warfare in Sudan, the types of drones used by the warring sides, how they are sourced, where the attacks have occurred and the human toll. The RSF traces its origins to what at the time was a government-linked militia known as the Janjaweed.

Drone attacks kill over 100 civilians across war-torn Sudan's Kordofan At least 104 civilians have been killed in drone attacks across Sudan's Kordofan region as fighting between rival military factions reached deadly new heights in the brutal civil war deep into its third year. The attacks have battered the central region since early December, right up to Friday, following the capture of a significant army base by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Babnusa after a week of intense fighting. Sudan's RSF trying to hide atrocities: Report The deadliest attack was reported from a kindergarten and a hospital in Kalogi, South Kordofan, where 89 people were killed, including 43 children and eight women. United Nations human rights chief Volker Turk said he was "alarmed by the further intensification in hostilities" and warned that targeting medical facilities violates international humanitarian law. Six Bangladeshi peacekeepers serving with the UN mission were killed when drones hit their base in Kadugli, South Kordofan's capital, on December 13.

A drone attack on the town of Kalogi, in Sudan's South Kordofan region, is said to have hit a kindergarten and killed at least 50 people, including 33 children. The Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the paramilitary group battling the army in Sudan's civil war, was accused of Thursday's attack by a medical organisation, the Sudan Doctors' Network, and the army. There was no immediate comment from the RSF. The RSF in turn accused the army of hitting a market on Friday in a drone attack in the Darfur region, on a fuel depot at the Adre border crossing with Chad. Sudan has been ravaged by war since April 2023 when a power struggle broke out between the RSF and the army, who were formerly allies .

Dozens of patients have been killed in a drone attack on one of the last functioning hospitals in el-Fasher in Sudan's Darfur region. While it was not immediately clear who targeted the Saudi Hospital on Friday, medical sources quoted by AFP news agency said the same building was hit by a Rapid Support Forces (RSF) drone "a few weeks ago". Friday's attack killed at least 30 patients in the emergency department, the report added. Regional governor Mini Minawi posted graphic images of bloodied bodies on his X account on Saturday, saying that the attack "exterminated" more than 70 patients, including women and children. The Sudanese army has been at war with the paramilitary RSF, who have seized nearly the entire vast western region of Darfur, since April 2023.

At least nine people have been killed and 20 others injured following a drone strike that hit a hospital in the city of el-Fasher in Sudan's northern Darfur region. The Federal Ministry of Health blamed the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) for the attack, which took place on Friday. Officials say the group fired four rocket-propelled grenades towards the city's main healthcare facility. A resistance committee in el-Fasher, involved in relief efforts, said the attack targeted the Saudi hospital, forcing it to suspend medical services. It was the last remaining open hospital in the city.