W in V, W is independent of V\ ( Descendants(W) Parents( W)) given Parents (W) . As expected we see that the number of detected causes by Granger is multiple times more than those of SyPI; in most cases Granger detects as causes all the candidate states. On the other hand, SyPI does not suffer from such problems even when there are latent confounders. Finally, in the third column, we report the detected distant causes. Strict thresholds (the default of SyPI method) are used for the analysis.

Parents file lawsuit against New York City; councilman Joe Borelli with insight. Sound science, like the coronavirus itself, is apolitical. Most everything else this year -- including decisions on whether to close schools -- is not. As the pandemic enters its deadliest phase to date, government leaders and school districts are having to make extraordinarily difficult decisions about whether to continue in-person learning amid record communitywide surges in cases, hospitalizations and deaths. New York City's decision to close schools indefinitely, and the decision in my home state of New Jersey to allow school districts to keep them open, offers a stark contrast in how the two states with the highest death rates for COVID-19 are managing this crisis.