CaST, which consistently outperforms existing methods with good interpretability.

However, because they are not identifiable without any assumptions, various assumptions have been utilized to evaluate the joint probabilities of potential outcomes, e.g., the assumption of monotonicity (Pearl, 2009; Tian and Pearl, 2000), the independence between potential outcomes (Robins and Richardson, 2011), the condition of gain equality (Li and Pearl, 2019), and the specific functional relationshipsbetween cause and effect (Pearl, 2009). Unlike existing identification conditions, in order to evaluate the joint probabilities of potential outcomeswithoutsuch assumptions,this paper proposestwo types of novel identification conditions using covariate information. In addition, when the joint probabilities of potential outcomes are identifiable through the proposed conditions, the estimation problem of the joint probabilities of potential outcomes reduces to that of singular models and thus they can not be evaluated by standard statistical estimation methods. To solve the problem,this paper proposes a new statisticalestimationmethod based on the augmented Lagrangianmethod and shows the asymptoticnormality of the proposed estimators. Given space constraints, the proofs, the details on the statistical estimationmethod, some numerical experiments, and the case study are provided in the supplementary material.

This might tell us, for instance, how typically we could expect failure of a method that depended on these assumptions.

Spatio-Temporal Graph (STG) forecasting is a fundamental task in many real-world applications. Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks have emerged as the most popular method for STG forecasting, but they often struggle with temporal out-of-distribution (OoD) issues and dynamic spatial causation. In this paper, we propose a novel framework called CaST to tackle these two challenges via causal treatments. Concretely, leveraging a causal lens, we first build a structural causal model to decipher the data generation process of STGs. To handle the temporal OoD issue, we employ the back-door adjustment by a novel disentanglement block to separate the temporal environments from input data. Moreover, we utilize the front-door adjustment and adopt edge-level convolution to model the ripple effect of causation. Experiments results on three real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of CaST, which consistently outperforms existing methods with good interpretability.

I then generalize my definition into a degree of responsibility .

The causal revolution has stimulated interest in understanding complex relationships in various fields.

CaST, which consistently outperforms existing methods with good interpretability.