Might computers one day be able to think every thought human brains can think? Might robots be able to behave in all the ways humans behave? Would such artifacts be fully human even though they had different structure and used different means? Since human evolution proceeds at a much slower pace than technological advance, might artifacts someday do everything better than people and become super-human beings? While computers and robots have made a promising start at overtaking humans at many thinking tasks and skilled behaviors, from chess to violin playing, these achievements have been made possible primarily by an exponential increase in computing power since the 1950s.