Quantum many-body physics simulation has important impacts on understanding fundamental science and has applications to quantum materials design and quantum technology. However, due to the exponentially growing size of the Hilbert space with respect to the particle number, a direct simulation is intractable. While representing quantum states with tensor networks and neural networks are the two state-of-the-art methods for approximate simulations, each has its own limitations in terms of expressivity and inductive bias. To address these challenges, we develop a novel architecture, Autoregressive Neural TensorNet (ANTN), which bridges tensor networks and autoregressive neural networks. We show that Autoregressive Neural TensorNet parameterizes normalized wavefunctions, allows for exact sampling, generalizes the expressivity of tensor networks and autoregressive neural networks, and inherits a variety of symmetries from autoregressive neural networks. We demonstrate our approach on quantum state learning as well as finding the ground state of the challenging 2DJ1-J2 Heisenberg model with different systems sizes and coupling parameters, outperforming both tensor networks and autoregressive neural networks. Our work opens up new opportunities for quantum many-body physics simulation, quantum technology design, and generative modeling in artificial intelligence.

Its low-rank QTT structure arises from intrinsic spectral smoothness in continuous models, or from spectral energy concentration as the number of components D grows in discrete models. We demonstrate this on weighted sums of Bernoulli and lognormal random variables. In the latter, the approach reaches high-resolution discretizations of N = 230 frequency modes on standard hardware, far beyond the N =224 ceiling of dense implementations. These compressed representations enable efficient computation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES), supporting applications in quantitative finance and beyond. I. INTRODUCTION Weighted sums of independent random variables constitute a basic probabilistic model, describing macroscopic behavior arising from the aggregation of microscopic stochastic components. These models arise in a wide range of applications. Their probability distribution generally lacks a closed-form expression, and their evaluation involves multidimensional convolution integrals that are susceptible to the curse of dimensionality. Consequently, evaluating these models relies on specializednumericalmethods. Whilethese methods have been adapted for discrete settings [18, 19], they are frequently hampered by persistent Gibbs oscillations, which arise from distributional discontinuities and preclude uniform convergence [20, 21]. No existing method simultaneously achieves an accurate approximation of the exact, fully non-Gaussian target distribution while remaining scalable to larger, practically relevant system sizes. In this work, we introduce a new algorithm that combines the Fourier spectral method with tensor-network techniques.

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Quantum machine learning (QML) is recognized as a promising approach to harness quantum computing for learning tasks [1-3]. As with all quantum algorithms, a central question is whether QML holds potential for quantum advantage [4-7] over classical computing. The counter-narrative to quantum advantage is dequantization, where upon close inspection certain quantum algorithms yield no benefit over classical counterparts, as one can classically solve the task at hand. Dequantization of quantum algorithms for machine learning, in particular, has seen a surge of interest in recent years, leaving few claims of quantum advantage unchallenged [8-12]. While QML models for classical data can be studied from several perspectives, significant theoretical developments have emerged from investigating the function families that parametrized quantum circuits (PQCs) can give rise to [8, 10, 13-16]. Characterizing the functional forms arising from PQCs allows us to delineate the boundaries of quantum learning and guide the search for advantage.

Tree tensor networks (TTNs) are widely used in low-rank approximation and quantum many-body simulation. In this work, we present a formal analysis of the differential geometry underlying TTNs. Building on this foundation, we develop efficient first- and second-order optimization algorithms that exploit the intrinsic quotient structure of TTNs. Additionally, we devise a backpropagation algorithm for training TTNs in a kernel learning setting. We validate our methods through numerical experiments on a representative machine learning task.

A structural optimization scheme for a single-layer nonnegative adaptive tensor tree (NATT) that models a target probability distribution is proposed as an alternative paradigm for generative modeling. The NATT scheme, by construction, automatically searches for a tree structure that best fits a given discrete dataset whose features serve as inputs, and has the advantage that it is interpretable as a probabilistic graphical model. We consider the NATT scheme and a recently proposed Born machine adaptive tensor tree (BMATT) optimization scheme and demonstrate their effectiveness on a variety of generative modeling tasks where the objective is to infer the hidden structure of a provided dataset. Our results show that in terms of minimizing the negative log-likelihood, the single-layer scheme has model performance comparable to the Born machine scheme, though not better. The tasks include deducing the structure of binary bitwise operations, learning the internal structure of random Bayesian networks given only visible sites, and a real-world example related to hierarchical clustering where a cladogram is constructed from mitochondrial DNA sequences. In doing so, we also show the importance of the choice of network topology and the versatility of a least-mutual information criterion in selecting a candidate structure for a tensor tree, as well as discuss aspects of these tensor tree generative models including their information content and interpretability.

The pursuit of discovering new phenomena at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) demands constant innovation in algorithms and technologies. Tensor networks are mathematical models on the intersection of classical and quantum machine learning, which present a promising and efficient alternative for tackling these challenges. In this work, we propose a tensor network-based strategy for anomaly detection at the LHC and demonstrate its superior performance in identifying new phenomena compared to established quantum methods. Our model is a parametrized Matrix Product State with an isometric feature map, processing a latent representation of simulated LHC data generated by an autoencoder. Our results highlight the potential of tensor networks to enhance new-physics discovery.

Tensorizing a neural network involves reshaping some or all of its dense weight matrices into higher-order tensors and approximating them using low-rank tensor network decompositions. This technique has shown promise as a model compression strategy for large-scale neural networks. However, despite encouraging empirical results, tensorized neural networks (TNNs) remain underutilized in mainstream deep learning. In this position paper, we offer a perspective on both the potential and current limitations of TNNs. We argue that TNNs represent a powerful yet underexplored framework for deep learning--one that deserves greater attention from both engineering and theoretical communities. Beyond compression, we highlight the value of TNNs as a flexible class of architectures with distinctive scaling properties and increased interpretability. A central feature of TNNs is the presence of bond indices, which introduce new latent spaces not found in conventional networks. These internal representations may provide deeper insight into the evolution of features across layers, potentially advancing the goals of mechanistic interpretability. We conclude by outlining several key research directions aimed at overcoming the practical barriers to scaling and adopting TNNs in modern deep learning workflows.

--We introduce a distributed quantum-classical framework that synergizes photonic quantum neural networks (QNNs) with matrix product state (MPS) mapping to achieve parameter-efficient training of classical neural networks. By leveraging universal linear-optical decompositions of M -mode interferometers and photon-counting measurement statistics, our architecture generates neural parameters through a hybrid quantum-classical workflow: photonic QNNs with M ( M + 1)/2 trainable parameters produce high-dimensional probability distributions that are mapped to classical network weights via an MPS model with bond dimension χ . Empirical validation on MNIST classification demonstrates that photonic QT achieves an accuracy of 95 .50% Moreover, a ten-fold compression ratio is achieved at χ = 4, with a relative accuracy loss of less than 3%. The framework outperforms classical compression techniques (weight sharing/pruning) by 6-12% absolute accuracy while eliminating quantum hardware requirements during inference through classical deployment of compressed parameters. Simulations incorporating realistic photonic noise demonstrate the framework's robustness to near-term hardware imperfections. Ablation studies confirm quantum necessity - replacing photonic QNNs with random inputs collapses accuracy to chance level ( 10. 0% 0 . Photonic quantum computing room-temperature operation, inherent scalability through spatial mode multiplexing, and HPC-integrated architecture establish a practical pathway for distributed quantum machine learning, combining the ex-pressivity of photonic Hilbert spaces with the deployability of classical neural networks. Quantum-centric supercomputing represents a transforma-tive paradigm integrating classical high-performance computing (HPC) architectures with distributed quantum resources to overcome fundamental limitations of isolated quantum systems [1], [2].

Tensor Networks have emerged as a prominent alternative to neural networks for addressing Machine Learning challenges in foundational sciences, paving the way for their applications to real-life problems. This paper introduces tn4ml, a novel library designed to seamlessly integrate Tensor Networks into optimization pipelines for Machine Learning tasks. Inspired by existing Machine Learning frameworks, the library offers a user-friendly structure with modules for data embedding, objective function definition, and model training using diverse optimization strategies. We demonstrate its versatility through two examples: supervised learning on tabular data and unsupervised learning on an image dataset. Additionally, we analyze how customizing the parts of the Machine Learning pipeline for Tensor Networks influences performance metrics.