--The construction of channel gain map (CGM) is essential for realizing environment-aware wireless communications expected in 6G, for which a fundamental problem is how to predict the channel gains at unknown locations effectively by a finite number of measurements. As using a single prediction model is not effective in complex propagation environments, we propose a subregional learning-based CGM construction scheme, with which the entire map is divided into subregions via data-driven clustering, then individual models are constructed and trained for every subregion. In this way, specific propagation feature in each subregion can be better extracted with finite training data. Moreover, we propose to further improve prediction accuracy by uneven subregion sampling, as well as training data reuse around the subregion boundaries. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in CGM construction. To support the largely increased data demands and connection requirements, communication network is becoming more complex in the forthcoming 6G era [1]. This brings challenges to low-complexity network deployment optimization and transmission design [2]. Environment-aware communication provides a promising solution for this challenge, which requires communication-related environment information, also known as the channel knowledge map (CKM) [3], [4], as side information to be exploited when designing the system. In general, the CKM can be presented in terms of a site-specific database, which provides information of concerned channel parameters at given geometric locations. Depending on the particular channel information it conveys, different types of CKM have been studied, including the channel shadowing map [5], channel gain map (CGM) [6], and beam index map [7], etc. Different CKMs can be exploited for different tasks.

This paper studies an integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) system for low-altitude economy (LAE), where a ground base station (GBS) provides communication and navigation services for authorized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), while sensing the low-altitude airspace to monitor the unauthorized mobile target. The expected communication sum-rate over a given flight period is maximized by jointly optimizing the beamforming at the GBS and UAVs' trajectories, subject to the constraints on the average signal-to-noise ratio requirement for sensing, the flight mission and collision avoidance of UAVs, as well as the maximum transmit power at the GBS. Typically, this is a sequential decision-making problem with the given flight mission. Thus, we transform it to a specific Markov decision process (MDP) model called episode task. Based on this modeling, we propose a novel LAE-oriented ISAC scheme, referred to as Deep LAE-ISAC (DeepLSC), by leveraging the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technique. In DeepLSC, a reward function and a new action selection policy termed constrained noise-exploration policy are judiciously designed to fulfill various constraints. To enable efficient learning in episode tasks, we develop a hierarchical experience replay mechanism, where the gist is to employ all experiences generated within each episode to jointly train the neural network. Besides, to enhance the convergence speed of DeepLSC, a symmetric experience augmentation mechanism, which simultaneously permutes the indexes of all variables to enrich available experience sets, is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with benchmarks, DeepLSC yields a higher sum-rate while meeting the preset constraints, achieves faster convergence, and is more robust against different settings.

Radio map construction based on extensive measurements is accurate but expensive and time-consuming, while environment-aware radio map estimation reduces the costs at the expense of low accuracy. Considering accuracy and costs, a first-predict-then-correct (FPTC) method is proposed by leveraging generative adversarial networks (GANs). A primary radio map is first predicted by a radio map prediction GAN (RMP-GAN) taking environmental information as input. Then, the prediction result is corrected by a radio map correction GAN (RMC-GAN) with sparse measurements as guidelines. Specifically, the self-attention mechanism and residual-connection blocks are introduced to RMP-GAN and RMC-GAN to improve the accuracy, respectively. Experimental results validate that the proposed FPTC-GANs method achieves the best radio map construction performance, compared with the state-of-the-art methods.