Disclosure of financial support: This work was supported by the Di Giovanni Foundation, the Montreal English School Board, the B-Strong Foundation, the Colannini Foundation, the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital and the McGill Department of Orthopedics. Samaneh Siyar is a Visiting Scholar in the Neurosurgical Simulation Research and Training Centre. Dr. H. Azarnoush previously held the Postdoctoral Neuro-Oncology Fellowship from the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital and is a Visiting Professor in the Neurosurgical Simulation Research and Training Centre. Dr. Winkler-Schwartz holds a Robert Maudsley Fellowship from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and Nirros Ponnudurai is supported by a Heffez Family Bursary. Dr. Del Maestro is the William Feindel Emeritus Professor in Neuro-Oncology at McGill University. 2 Acknowledgments We thank all the medical students, residents, and neurosurgeons from the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital and at other institutions who participated in this study. We would also like to thank Robert DiRaddo, Group Leader, Simulation, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada at Boucherville and his team, including Denis Laroche, Valérie Pazos, Nusrat Choudhury and Linda Pecora for their support in the development of the scenarios used in these studies and all the members of the Simulation, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada.