These are the voyages of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and these remarks may help to understand the context of this collection, though in many ways the memoranda speak quite clearly for themselves and my comments are not, in any case, to be regarded as history, for I have written them quite hastily, in much the same spirit of the memos themselves, when it was our strategy in those early days to be unscholarly: we tended to assume, for better or for worse, that everything we did was so likely to be new that there was little need for caution or for reviewing literature or for double -checking anything. As luck would have it, that almost always turned out true.

These are the voyages of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and these remarks may help to understand the context of this collection, though in many ways the memoranda speak quite clearly for themselves and my comments are not, in any case, to be regarded as history, for I have written them quite hastily, in much the same spirit of the memos themselves, when it was our strategy in those early days to be unscholarly: we tended to assume, for better or for worse, that everything we did was so likely to be new that there was little need for caution or for reviewing literature or for double -checking anything. As luck would have it, that almost always turned out true.

Today, surrounded by so many automatic machines industrial robots, and the R2-D2's of Star wars movies, most people think AI is much more advanced than it is. But still, many "computer experts" don't believe that machines will ever "really think." I think those specialists are too used to explaining that there's nothing inside computers but little electric currents. And there are many other reasons why so many experts still maintain that machines can never be creative, intuitive, or emotional, and will never really think, believe, or understand anything.

Why People Think Computers Can't MOST PEOPLE ARE CONVINCED computers cannot think. I think those specialists are too used t,o That is, really think. This leads them to believe that there can't "thinking." This essay explains why they are wrong . Can Computers Do Only What They're Told? concerned with huge numerical computations: that's why the things were called computers. Most people think that "creativity" Yet even then a fringe of people envisioned what's now If so, then no computer can create-since, clearly, they realized that computers could manipulate not only numbers anything machines can do can be explained. To see what's wrong with that, we'd better turn aside able to go beyond arithmetic, perhaps to imitate the informa-from those outstanding works our cuhure views as very best Con processes that happen inside minds.

The approach gives key emphasis to a succession of explicit descriptions at varying The MIT AI Laboratory has a long tradition of research in levels of visual processing, including the zero-crossing map, most aspects of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, the major foci the primal and 2'/2D sketches, and the so-called Spasar include computer vision, manipulation, learning, Englishlanguage 3D representation. Recent work has centered on directional understanding, VLSI design, expert engineering selectivity, evidence for a fifth, smaller channel for early problem solving, commonsense reasoning, computer processing, the Marr-Hildreth theory of edge detection, a architecture, distributed problem solving, models of human model of the retina, a computational theory of stereopsis and memory, programmer apprentices, and human education. Recently, Dr. Mike Brady has joined the Professor Berthold K. P. Horn and his students have studied Laboratory and has initiated a study of the psychology of intensively the image irradiance equation and its applications. The reflectance and albedo map representations have been introduced to make surface orientation, illumination geometry, and surface reflectivity explicit.