Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on code are revolutionizing the software development process. Increasingly, code LLMs are being integrated into software development environments to improve the productivity of human programmers, and LLM-based agents are beginning to show promise for handling complex tasks autonomously. Realizing the full potential of code LLMs requires a wide range of capabilities, including code generation, fixing bugs, explaining and documenting code, maintaining repositories, and more. In this work, we introduce the Granite series of decoder-only code models for code generative tasks, trained with code written in 116 programming languages. The Granite Code models family consists of models ranging in size from 3 to 34 billion parameters, suitable for applications ranging from complex application modernization tasks to on-device memory-constrained use cases. Evaluation on a comprehensive set of tasks demonstrates that Granite Code models consistently reaches state-of-the-art performance among available open-source code LLMs. The Granite Code model family was optimized for enterprise software development workflows and performs well across a range of coding tasks (e.g. code generation, fixing and explanation), making it a versatile all around code model. We release all our Granite Code models under an Apache 2.0 license for both research and commercial use.

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is recognized as a unifying framework for modeling a wide range of problems. Problems can be solved with commercial solvers customized for solving QUBO and since QUBO have degree two, it is useful to have a method for transforming higher degree pseudo-Boolean problems to QUBO format. The standard transformation approach requires additional auxiliary variables supported by penalty terms for each higher degree term. This paper improves on the existing cubic-to-quadratic transformation approach by minimizing the number of additional variables as well as penalty coefficient. Extensive experimental testing on Max 3-SAT modeled as QUBO shows a near 100% reduction in the subproblem size used for minimization of the number of auxiliary variables.

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a general-purpose modeling framework for combinatorial optimization problems and is a requirement for quantum annealers. This paper utilizes the eigenvalue decomposition of the underlying Q matrix to alter and improve the search process by extracting the information from dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors to implicitly guide the search towards promising areas of the solution landscape. Computational results on benchmark datasets illustrate the efficacy of our routine demonstrating significant performance improvements on problems with dominant eigenvalues.

The broad applicability of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) constitutes a general-purpose modeling framework for combinatorial optimization problems and are a required format for gate array and quantum annealing computers. QUBO annealers as well as other solution approaches benefit from starting with a diverse set of solutions with local optimality an additional benefit. This paper presents a new method for generating a set of one-flip local optima leveraging constraint programming. Further, as demonstrated in experimental testing, analysis of the solution set allows the generation of soft constraints to help guide the optimization process.

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) modeling and solution framework is required for quantum and digital annealers whose goal is the optimization of a well defined metric, the objective function. However, diverse suboptimal solutions may be preferred over harder to implement strict optimal ones. In addition, the decision-maker usually has insights that are not always efficiently translated into the optimization model, such as acceptable target, interval or range values. Multi-criteria decision making is an example of involving the user in the decision process. In this paper, we present two variants of goal-seeking QUBO that minimize the deviation from the goal through a tabu-search based greedy one-flip heuristic. Experimental results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach over Constraint Programming for quickly finding a satisficing set of solutions.