Advancements in deep learning are revolutionizing science and engineering. The immense success of deep learning is largely due to its ability to extract essential high-dimensional (HD) features from input data and make inference decisions based on this information. However, current deep neural network (DNN) models face several challenges, such as the requirements of extensive amounts of data and computational resources. Here, we introduce a new learning scheme, referred to as deep-and-wide learning (DWL), to systematically capture features not only within individual input data (intra-data features) but also across the data (inter-data features). Furthermore, we propose a dual-interactive-channel network (D-Net) to realize the DWL, which leverages our Bayesian formulation of low-dimensional (LD) inter-data feature extraction and its synergistic interaction with the conventional HD representation of the dataset, for substantially enhanced computational efficiency and inference. The proposed technique has been applied to data across various disciplines for both classification and regression tasks. Our results demonstrate that DWL surpasses state-of-the-art DNNs in accuracy by a substantial margin with limited training data and improves the computational efficiency by order(s) of magnitude. The proposed DWL strategy dramatically alters the data-driven learning techniques, including emerging large foundation models, and sheds significant insights into the evolving field of AI.

Pathologists need to combine information from differently stained pathology slices for accurate diagnosis. Deformable image registration is a necessary technique for fusing multi-modal pathology slices. This paper proposes a hybrid deep feature-based deformable image registration framework for stained pathology samples. We first extract dense feature points via the detector-based and detector-free deep learning feature networks and perform points matching. Then, to further reduce false matches, an outlier detection method combining the isolation forest statistical model and the local affine correction model is proposed. Finally, the interpolation method generates the deformable vector field for pathology image registration based on the above matching points. We evaluate our method on the dataset of the Non-rigid Histology Image Registration (ANHIR) challenge, which is co-organized with the IEEE ISBI 2019 conference. Our technique outperforms the traditional approaches by 17% with the Average-Average registration target error (rTRE) reaching 0.0034. The proposed method achieved state-of-the-art performance and ranked 1st in evaluating the test dataset. The proposed hybrid deep feature-based registration method can potentially become a reliable method for pathology image registration.