Legged robots have made significant strides in locomotion However, in extreme or complex natural environments, capabilities, demonstrating impressive performance in robots still face the inevitability of falling. A major challenge tasks such as dynamic walking, running, and even complex in current research lies in developing adaptive controllers maneuvers like backflips [8], [2]. However, the ability to for robots to effectively recover from falls, allowing them recover from falls, especially on challenging and unpredictable to resume movement or efficiently complete tasks. However, terrains, remains a critical challenge in the field of legged model-based methods are often inadequate for these dynamic robotics. While substantial progress has been made in recovery tasks. For example, Mordatch et al. [12] proposed a framework strategies for flat or moderately uneven surfaces [7], [13], that optimizes automatic recovery through contact invariance, the problem of robust recovery on highly irregular terrains - but the reliance on predefined potential contact points limits such as rocky landscapes, steep inclines, or complex gaps - the exploration of flexible behaviors. In addition, classical has received limited attention.

Large AI models, or foundation models, are models recently emerging with massive scales both parameter-wise and data-wise, the magnitudes of which can reach beyond billions. Once pretrained, large AI models demonstrate impressive performance in various downstream tasks. A prime example is ChatGPT, whose capability has compelled people's imagination about the far-reaching influence that large AI models can have and their potential to transform different domains of our lives. In health informatics, the advent of large AI models has brought new paradigms for the design of methodologies. The scale of multi-modal data in the biomedical and health domain has been ever-expanding especially since the community embraced the era of deep learning, which provides the ground to develop, validate, and advance large AI models for breakthroughs in health-related areas. This article presents a comprehensive review of large AI models, from background to their applications. We identify seven key sectors in which large AI models are applicable and might have substantial influence, including 1) bioinformatics; 2) medical diagnosis; 3) medical imaging; 4) medical informatics; 5) medical education; 6) public health; and 7) medical robotics. We examine their challenges, followed by a critical discussion about potential future directions and pitfalls of large AI models in transforming the field of health informatics.