Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in deep learning and large language models (LLMs), have accelerated their integration into medicine. However, these developments have also raised public concerns about the safe application of AI. In healthcare, these concerns are especially pertinent, as the ethical and secure deployment of AI is crucial for protecting patient health and privacy. This review examines potential risks in AI practices that may compromise safety in medicine, including reduced performance across diverse populations, inconsistent operational stability, the need for high-quality data for effective model tuning, and the risk of data breaches during model development and deployment. For medical practitioners, patients, and researchers, LLMs provide a convenient way to interact with AI and data through language. However, their emergence has also amplified safety concerns, particularly due to issues like hallucination. Second part of this article explores safety issues specific to LLMs in medical contexts, including limitations in processing complex logic, challenges in aligning AI objectives with human values, the illusion of understanding, and concerns about diversity. Thoughtful development of safe AI could accelerate its adoption in real-world medical settings.

Much of biomedical and healthcare data is encoded in discrete, symbolic form such as text and medical codes. There is a wealth of expert-curated biomedical domain knowledge stored in knowledge bases and ontologies, but the lack of reliable methods for learning knowledge representation has limited their usefulness in machine learning applications. While text-based representation learning has significantly improved in recent years through advances in natural language processing, attempts to learn biomedical concept embeddings so far have been lacking. A recent family of models called knowledge graph embeddings have shown promising results on general domain knowledge graphs, and we explore their capabilities in the biomedical domain. We train several state-of-the-art knowledge graph embedding models on the SNOMED-CT knowledge graph, provide a benchmark with comparison to existing methods and in-depth discussion on best practices, and make a case for the importance of leveraging the multi-relational nature of knowledge graphs for learning biomedical knowledge representation. The embeddings, code, and materials will be made available to the communitY.