Explaining supervised learning to a kid (or your boss)

Now that you know what machine learning is, let's meet the easiest kind. My goal here is to get humans of all stripes and (almost) all ages comfy with its basic jargon: instance, label, feature, model, algorithm, and supervised learning. Instances are also called'examples' or'observations.' What do these examples look like when we put them in a table? Sticking with convention (because good manners are good), each row is an instance.