AI Can Now Make Medical Predictions from Raw Data Through 'Deep Learning.' But Can it Be Trusted?

Already, at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, "every one of the 50,000 screening mammograms we do every year is processed through our deep learning model, and that information is provided to the radiologist," says Constance Lehman, chief of the hospital's breast imaging division. In deep learning, a subset of a type of artificial intelligence called machine learning, computer models essentially teach themselves to make predictions from large sets of data. The raw power of the technology has improved dramatically in recent years, and it's now used in everything from medical diagnostics to online shopping to autonomous vehicles. But deep learning tools also raise worrying questions because they solve problems in ways that humans can't always follow. If the connection between the data you feed into the model and the output it delivers is inscrutable -- hidden inside a so-called black box -- how can it be trusted?