What is AI, ML, neural networks, deep learning and random forests

Artificial intelligence or AI, the phrase/acronym gets banded about an awful lot. Unfortunately, a lot of companies that say they use AI don't. It's a marketing gimmick -- maybe they are even targeting shareholders, trying to push up their share price. In fact, many experts in AI don't even like the term, they much prefer to use the words machine and learning, or ML. Delve deeper, and you come across many more terms, neural networks, deep learning, natural language processing and random forests.