Are the Digits of Pi Truly Random? - Must Read for Math and Data Geeks

This article covers far more than the title suggests. It is written in simple English and accessible to quantitative professionals from a variety of backgrounds. Deep mathematical and data science research (including a result about the randomness of Pi, which is just a particular case) are presented here, without using arcane terminology or complicated equations. The topic discussed here, under a unified framework, is at the intersection of mathematics, probability theory, chaotic systems, stochastic processes, data and computer science. Many exotic objects are investigated, such as an unusual version of the logistic map, nested square roots, and representation of a number in a fractional or irrational base system. The article is also useful to anyone interested in learning these topics, whether they have any interest in the randomness or Pi or not, because of the numerous potential applications. I hope the style is refreshing, and I believe that you will find plenty of material rarely if ever discussed in textbooks or in the classroom.