AI, machine learning and personal data

Today sees the publication of the ICO's updated paper on big data and data protection. What's changed in the two and a half years since we first visited this topic? The complexity and opacity of these types of processing operations mean that it's often hard to know what's going on behind the scenes. This can be problematic when personal data is involved, especially when decisions are made that have significant effects on people's lives. The combination of these factors has led some to call for new regulation of big data, AI and machine learning, to increase transparency and ensure accountability.