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A concise definition of the field would be as follows: the effort to automate intellectual tasks normally performed by humans. Artificial intelligence was born in the 1950s, when a handful of pioneers from the nascent field of computer science started asking whether computers could be made to "think". As such, AI is a general field that encompasses machine learning and deep learning, but that also includes many more approaches that don't involve any learning. Many experts believed that human-level artificial intelligence could be achieved by having programmers handcraft a sufficiently large set of explicit rules for manipulating knowledge. This approach is known as symbolic AI,A new approach arose to take symbolic AI's place: machine learning.