One neural network, many uses

It's common knowledge that neural networks are really good at one narrow task, but they fail at handling multiple tasks. This is unlike the human brain which is able to use the same concepts at amazingly diverse tasks. For example, if you have never seen a fractal before and I show you one right now. After seeing the image of a fractal, you'll be able to handle multiple tasks related to it: How are you able to do all these tasks? Are there dedicated neural networks in your brain specializing in all these tasks?