Appendix AConnection between Our Method and Deep Learning

We show the similarities between our method, Neural ODE, and differentiable physics in Figure 4. All the three approaches have a differentiable system governed by some kinds of differential equations. Our method parametrizes the dynamics using continuous basis functions; Neural ODE uses neural networks; and Differentiable physics describes the dynamics system using physics equations like Newton's Second Law, Navier-Stokes equations. Let Uv(t2,t1) be as defined in Theorem 3.2. Let Lbe defined as (4), and H(v,t) = P jfj(v,t)Hj.