A Proofs of the Main Results

This section describes Stein variational gradient descent (SVGD) by Liu and Wang [19]. The overview is meant as supplementary material for Section 5, where we propose to use SVGD for inferring the DiBS posteriors p(Z | D) and p(Z, Θ | D). In contrast to sampling-based MCMC or optimizationbased variational inference methods, SVGD iteratively transports a fixed set of particles to closely match a target distribution, akin to the gradient descent algorithm in optimization. We refer the reader to Liu and Wang [19] for additional details. Let p(x) with x X be a differentiable density that we want to sample from, e.g., to estimate an expectation.