We use induction to prove this statement. The penultimate step follows from the induction hypothesis completing the proof. Then, the fixed point of Eq.(5) is the value function of in f M . We focus on permanent value function in the next two theorems. The permanent value function is updated using Eq.

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable successes in complex tasks, e.g Go [

The resulting Hummingbird model, suitably prompted, performs various scene understanding tasks without modification while approaching the performance of specialists that have been finetuned for each task.

Item Discrimination (ID) theory, which is widely used in educational assessment, measures the ability of individual test items to differentiate between high and low performers. Inspired by this theory, wepropose anID-induced prompt synthesis frameworkforevaluating LLMs to ensure the evaluation set can continually update and refine according to model abilities.

The concept of "incidental correlations" is derived from the notion of incidental endogeneity [

While recent research suggests that current large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) exhibit more reliance on shape, we find them to still be seriously limited in this regard.