"AI systems–like people–must often act despite partial and uncertain information. First, the information received may be unreliable (e.g., a patient may mis-remember when a disease started, or may not have noticed a symptom that is important to a diagnosis). In addition, rules connecting real-world events can never include all the factors that might determine whether their conclusions really apply (e.g., the correctness of basing a diagnosis on a lab test depends whether there were conditions that might have caused a false positive, on the test being done correctly, on the results being associated with the right patient, etc.) Thus in order to draw useful conclusions, AI systems must be able to reason about the probability of events, given their current knowledge." – from David Leake, Reasoning Under Uncertainty
Our focus in this paper is to solve causal inference problems using only observational data and (potentially partial) knowledge on the causal graph of the underlying structural causal model (SCM).
Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is one of the most important measures to calculate the difference between probability distributions. In this paper, we theoretically study several properties of KL divergence between multivariate Gaussian distributions.
Since their inception, V ariational Autoencoders (V AEs) have become central in machine learning. Despite their widespread use, numerous questions regarding their theoretical properties remain open.