"AI systems–like people–must often act despite partial and uncertain information. First, the information received may be unreliable (e.g., a patient may mis-remember when a disease started, or may not have noticed a symptom that is important to a diagnosis). In addition, rules connecting real-world events can never include all the factors that might determine whether their conclusions really apply (e.g., the correctness of basing a diagnosis on a lab test depends whether there were conditions that might have caused a false positive, on the test being done correctly, on the results being associated with the right patient, etc.) Thus in order to draw useful conclusions, AI systems must be able to reason about the probability of events, given their current knowledge." – from David Leake, Reasoning Under Uncertainty
Such learning problems are formulated as latent or generative model learning assuming that observations were emerged from the low-dimensional latent states, which includes an intractable posterior inference of latent states for given input data.
While one side of the coin is a boost of interest and investment on deep learning research, theother isanemergent need foritsrobustness, sample efficiency,security,and interpretability.