Explainability has been an important goal since the early days of Artificial Intelligence. Several approaches for producing explanations have been developed. However, many of these approaches were tightly coupled with the capabilities of the artificial intelligence systems at the time. With the proliferation of AI-enabled systems in sometimes critical settings, there is a need for them to be explainable to end-users and decision-makers. We present a historical overview of explainable artificial intelligence systems, with a focus on knowledge-enabled systems, spanning the expert systems, cognitive assistants, semantic applications, and machine learning domains. Additionally, borrowing from the strengths of past approaches and identifying gaps needed to make explanations user- and context-focused, we propose new definitions for explanations and explainable knowledge-enabled systems.

The next question is, why do we even bother to explain something that is just a guess (but a very good one). If it works why do we even care? Actually the problem lies in us, in humans. Nowadays we don't trust anything that we cannot understand. The interesting part is that we still have trust in specialist (if it's a human specialist and not a robot), even if the error rate of a human specialist is much higher than of a specialized Artificial Neural Network.

This enables banks and financial institutions to identify complex and hidden AML patterns. It helps organizations to meet their most critical challenge of managing high false positives and provides a holistic view of investigating an alert. AMLOCK Analytics uses various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms to derive analyses and predictions based on institution specific historical data. Ravikanth Sama, Global Head- AML Practice, 3i Infotech said, "AMLOCK Analytics blends both the traditional rule-based system and the power of Analytics to bring better efficiency & risk focus. It can be hosted both on-premise and on cloud infrastructure. The solution provides a probability score indicating the chances of closing an alert based on the past actions taken by the users on similar alerts. AMLOCK Analytics improves the conversion rate of Suspicious Transaction Report (STR) or Suspicious Activity Report (SAR), as it dynamically correlates between the alerts in which suspicious transaction reports have been generated and those that have been tagged as false positives by the investigators."

The logic-based methods that learn first-order rules from knowledge graphs (KGs) for knowledge graph completion (KGC) task are desirable in that the learnt models are inductive, interpretable and transferable. The challenge in such rule learners is that the expressive rules are often buried in vast rule space, and the procedure of identifying expressive rules by measuring rule quality is costly to execute. Therefore, optimizations on rule generation and evaluation are in need. In this work, we propose a novel bottom-up probabilistic rule learner that features: 1.) a two-stage procedure for optimized rule generation where the system first generalizes paths sampled from a KG into template rules that contain no constants until a certain degree of template saturation is achieved and then specializes template rules into instantiated rules that contain constants; 2.) a grouping technique for optimized rule evaluation where structurally similar instantiated rules derived from the same template rules are put into the same groups and evaluated collectively over the groundings of the deriving template rules. Through extensive experiments over large benchmark datasets on KGC task, our algorithm demonstrates consistent and substantial performance improvements over all of the state-of-the-art baselines.

Smartphone owners are being given new rights to have their device repaired under laws introduced by the EU that could put an end to'throwaway culture'. Manufacturers will made to fix broken electronic devices under the EU's new Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), which will also cover the UK despite Brexit. The plan, unveiled on Wednesday by the European Commission, will give Europeans'the right to repair' by making devices easier to fix. The laws, which will also apply to tablets, laptops and printers, focus on a more circular economy – where electronic resources are kept in use as long as possible. Major tech companies making devices hard to fix, including Apple, Samsung and Huawei, is creating an electronic and electrical rubbish mountain – wasting resources and blighting the environment, say green campaigners.

Many aspects of human reasoning, including language, require learning rules from very little data. Humans can do this, often learning systematic rules from very few examples, and combining these rules to form compositional rule-based systems. Current neural architectures, on the other hand, often fail to generalize in a compositional manner, especially when evaluated in ways that vary systematically from training. In this work, we present a neuro-symbolic model which learns entire rule systems from a small set of examples. Instead of directly predicting outputs from inputs, we train our model to induce the explicit system of rules governing a set of previously seen examples, drawing upon techniques from the neural program synthesis literature. Our rule-synthesis approach outperforms neural meta-learning techniques in three domains: an artificial instruction-learning domain used to evaluate human learning, the SCAN challenge datasets, and learning rule-based translations of number words into integers for a wide range of human languages.

Machine learning using behavioral and text data can result in highly accurate prediction models, but these are often very difficult to interpret. Linear models require investigating thousands of coefficients, while the opaqueness of nonlinear models makes things even worse. Rule-extraction techniques have been proposed to combine the desired predictive behaviour of complex "black-box" models with explainability. However, rule-extraction in the context of ultra-high-dimensional and sparse data can be challenging, and has thus far received scant attention. Because of the sparsity and massive dimensionality, rule-extraction might fail in their primary explainability goal as the black-box model may need to be replaced by many rules, leaving the user again with an incomprehensible model. To address this problem, we develop and test a rule-extraction methodology based on higher-level, less-sparse "metafeatures". We empirically validate the quality of the rules in terms of fidelity, explanation stability and accuracy over a collection of data sets, and benchmark their performance against rules extracted using the original features. Our analysis points to key trade-offs between explainability, fidelity, accuracy, and stability that Machine Learning researchers and practitioners need to consider. Results indicate that the proposed metafeatures approach leads to better trade-offs between these, and is better able to mimic the black-box model. There is an average decrease of the loss in fidelity, accuracy, and stability from using metafeatures instead of the original fine-grained features by respectively 18.08%, 20.15% and 17.73%, all statistically significant at a 5% significance level. Metafeatures thus improve a key "cost of explainability", which we define as the loss in fidelity when replacing a black-box with an explainable model.

Artificial intelligence has mastered even extremely complex games like chess and Go. However, these games have pre-defined rules and very specific methods of interaction that don't lend themselves to creative choices. A role-playing game like Dungeons and Dragons (DnD) has infinitely more ways to play than a game of chess does, but this hasn't stopped researchers from trying to develop AI systems capable of improvising storylines for DnD or similar tabletop role-playing games. AI researchers are constantly working on new ways to improve the generative language abilities of AI. One of the biggest advances in the past couple of years is the development GPT-2, which was able to generate coherent stories on the fly.

Artificial intelligence has mastered even extremely complex games like chess and Go. However, these games have pre-defined rules and very specific methods of interaction that don't lend themselves to creative choices. A role-playing game like Dungeons and Dragons (DnD) has infinitely more ways to play than a game of chess does, but this hasn't stopped researchers from trying to develop AI systems capable of improvising storylines for DnD or similar tabletop role-playing games. AI researchers are constantly working on new ways to improve the generative language abilities of AI. One of the biggest advances in the past couple of years is the development GPT-2, which was able to generate coherent stories on the fly.

The insurance industry has been creating innovative products around the emerging online shopping activities. Such e-commerce insurance is designed to protect buyers from potential risks such as impulse purchases and counterfeits. Fraudulent claims towards online insurance typically involve multiple parties such as buyers, sellers, and express companies, and they could lead to heavy financial losses. In order to uncover the relations behind organized fraudsters and detect fraudulent claims, we developed a large-scale insurance fraud detection system, i.e., InfDetect, which provides interfaces for commonly used graphs, standard data processing procedures, and a uniform graph learning platform. InfDetect is able to process big graphs containing up to 100 millions of nodes and billions of edges. In this paper, we investigate different graphs to facilitate fraudster mining, such as a device-sharing graph, a transaction graph, a friendship graph, and a buyer-seller graph. These graphs are fed to a uniform graph learning platform containing supervised and unsupervised graph learning algorithms. Cases on widely applied e-commerce insurance are described to demonstrate the usage and capability of our system. InfDetect has successfully detected thousands of fraudulent claims and saved over tens of thousands of dollars daily.