By identifying an instrumental variable correlated with the variableX butunrelated tothe confounders, researchers can isolate the exogenous variation inX and estimate acausal relationship betweenX andY.

In this paper, we propose a novel and powerful method to harness Bayesian optimization for V ariational Quantum Eigensolvers (VQEs)--a hybrid quantum-classical protocol used to approximate the ground state of a quantum Hamiltonian.